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FOI-R--3990--SE Table 2: Estonia’s population, by ethnic origin (2000) 69 Total Estonians Russians Ukrainians Belarusians Other ethnic nationalities
FOI-R--3990--SE Russian compatriots have become the main link between Russia and the local civil society and elites. A report by the Internal Security Service regards the core goal of Russia’s Compatriots Policy to be the establishment of organized groups linked to Russia capable of influencing another country’s sovereign decisions without obvious intervention by Russia. 71 It estimates that Russia will use the consolidation of compatriots to encourage them to stand up for their rights in the future in order to legitimize themselves as influential civil society players who can influence local power structures and decision-making. To get a picture of the extent to which the Compatriots Policy is influential, an overview of the naturalization process of the Estonian population after the collapse of the Soviet regime is required. Grasping the level of integration of ethnic minorities and a deeper analysis of the Russian-speaking diaspora will provide a better understanding of how successful Russia might be in reaching out to its compatriots and solidifying its image. 3.3.2 Russian Compatriots in Estonia: Who are They When, in February 1992, the 1938 Citizenship Act, based on the principle of ius sanguinis (blood relationship), was re-introduced and re-enforced in Estonia, people were divided into citizens by succession (68 per cent) and non-citizens (32 per cent). Non-citizens could obtain Estonian citizenship through a naturalization process. At the same time, all Estonian residents who had been Soviet citizens had the right to register themselves as citizens of Russia, the Soviet Union’s successor state. Estonia was criticized for not granting citizenship to all permanent residents – the so-called blanket citizenship option. Estonia passed a law to restore citizenship only to citizens of the Estonian Republic of 1918–1940. This meant that the Russian population without citizenship could not vote in the country’s first national election or participate in political life. The failure to process naturalization automatically led to accusations, especially from the Russian government. The Helsinki Commission examined the state of naturalization of Russians in Estonia after the country regained its independence in 1991 and recommended removing the source of anxiety for the Russian population, clarifying the procedures for obtaining citizenship and guaranteeing the economic and political rights of non-citizens. 72 Estonia replied that citizenship cannot be imposed on anyone. It was applying the principle of the legal continuity of the Estonian Republic. It had refrained from 71 Estonian Internal Security Service (2012): Annual Review 2012 (Tallinn: 2012), p. 6, https://www.kapo.ee/cms-data/_text/138/124/files/kapo-aastaraamat-2012-en.pdf 72 Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (1992), Russians in Estonia: Problems and Prospects, Washington, September. 35
Page 1: Tools of Destabilization Russian So
Page 4 and 5: FOI-R--3990--SE Titel Tools of Dest
Page 6 and 7: FOI-R--3990--SE Summary The ongoing
Page 8 and 9: FOI-R--3990--SE 3.3.1 Russia’s Co
Page 10 and 11: FOI-R--3990--SE 5.3 The Compatriots
Page 12 and 13: FOI-R--3990--SE Executive Summary T
Page 14 and 15: FOI-R--3990--SE accusations form a
Page 16 and 17: FOI-R--3990--SE 1 Introduction Dr M
Page 18 and 19: FOI-R--3990--SE position conclude t
Page 20 and 21: FOI-R--3990--SE One way to study th
Page 22 and 23: FOI-R--3990--SE identifies a risk t
Page 24 and 25: FOI-R--3990--SE this area that woul
Page 26 and 27: FOI-R--3990--SE of municipal format
Page 28 and 29: FOI-R--3990--SE 2.8.2 Other Actors
Page 30 and 31: FOI-R--3990--SE links with politica
Page 32 and 33: FOI-R--3990--SE 3 Russian Soft Powe
Page 34 and 35: FOI-R--3990--SE Eurasian continent,
Page 38 and 39: FOI-R--3990--SE automatic naturaliz
Page 40 and 41: FOI-R--3990--SE combinations of the
Page 42 and 43: FOI-R--3990--SE 3.3.3 The Central A
Page 44 and 45: FOI-R--3990--SE According to the Le
Page 46 and 47: FOI-R--3990--SE state schools. 92 T
Page 48 and 49: FOI-R--3990--SE dismantling the sta
Page 50 and 51: FOI-R--3990--SE through the volunta
Page 52 and 53: FOI-R--3990--SE From 1995 until 200
Page 54 and 55: FOI-R--3990--SE showed a propaganda
Page 56 and 57: FOI-R--3990--SE lags far behind, as
Page 58 and 59: FOI-R--3990--SE and Russo-focused a
Page 60 and 61: FOI-R--3990--SE makers in the selec
Page 62 and 63: FOI-R--3990--SE Diagram 2: Russian
Page 64 and 65: FOI-R--3990--SE Trade between Eston
Page 66 and 67: FOI-R--3990--SE Russian tourists ha
Page 68 and 69: FOI-R--3990--SE 3.10.1 Gas Russian
Page 70 and 71: FOI-R--3990--SE (BEMIP), is invalua
Page 72 and 73: FOI-R--3990--SE Russia is unquestio
Page 74 and 75: FOI-R--3990--SE government. That sa
Page 76 and 77: FOI-R--3990--SE identity and the en
Page 78 and 79: FOI-R--3990--SE based on Russian st
Page 80 and 81: FOI-R--3990--SE noted that accordin
Page 82 and 83: FOI-R--3990--SE took part, voted ag
Page 84 and 85: FOI-R--3990--SE then…the Russian
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FOI-R--3990--SE initiative of Unite
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FOI-R--3990--SE the country are ver
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FOI-R--3990--SE authoritarian state
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FOI-R--3990--SE Parliament). 254 Ai
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FOI-R--3990--SE cultural values as
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FOI-R--3990--SE such views have lit
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FOI-R--3990--SE associations with R
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FOI-R--3990--SE organize an exhibit
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FOI-R--3990--SE commissioned a “Q
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FOI-R--3990--SE fairly normal econo
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FOI-R--3990--SE Latvian technologie
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FOI-R--3990--SE connected with Russ
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FOI-R--3990--SE The implementation
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FOI-R--3990--SE The issue of the li
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FOI-R--3990--SE factors are not rel
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FOI-R--3990--SE integration of ethn
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FOI-R--3990--SE and its political o
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FOI-R--3990--SE competing Russian-s
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FOI-R--3990--SE Diagram 5: Ethnic s
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FOI-R--3990--SE relations”. 383 W
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FOI-R--3990--SE where young people
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FOI-R--3990--SE Diagram 10: Evaluat
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FOI-R--3990--SE The protection of R
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FOI-R--3990--SE Diagram 11: Dynamic
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FOI-R--3990--SE through the Russian
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FOI-R--3990--SE distant as well as
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FOI-R--3990--SE 2007 Documentary
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FOI-R--3990--SE 2014, Litgas, a g
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FOI-R--3990--SE halted Lithuania’
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FOI-R--3990--SE 6 Conclusions and I
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FOI-R--3990--SE dependence that cou
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FOI-R--3990--SE 7 About the Authors
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