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93 be used to answer a specific research question <strong>in</strong> classical geography. HESTIA seeks to exam<strong>in</strong>e the different ways <strong>in</strong> which the history of Herodotus refers to space and time. 307 Their major research questions <strong>in</strong>clude study<strong>in</strong>g his “representation of space <strong>in</strong> its cultural context,” explor<strong>in</strong>g whether different peoples represented <strong>in</strong> his history conceive of space differently, and test<strong>in</strong>g the thesis “that the ancient Greek world centered on the Mediterranean and was comprised of a series of networks” (Barker 2010). Barker et al. (2010) have provided an extensive overview of the design and <strong>in</strong>itial f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs of HESTIA, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g methodological considerations for other projects that seek to make use of the state of the art <strong>in</strong> GIS, relational databases, and other computational tools to explore questions not just <strong>in</strong> classical geography but also <strong>in</strong> the humanities <strong>in</strong> general. The authors also demonstrate how many traditional questions regard<strong>in</strong>g the text of Herodotus (e.g., What is the relative importance of bodies of water (particularly rivers) <strong>in</strong> organiz<strong>in</strong>g the physical and cultural space) can be <strong>in</strong>vestigated <strong>in</strong> new ways us<strong>in</strong>g digital technologies. The authors also identified a number of themes that HESTIA would pursue <strong>in</strong>-depth regard<strong>in</strong>g the th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g about space <strong>in</strong> Herodotus Histories: …namely, the types of networks present and their <strong>in</strong>terpretation, the <strong>in</strong>fluence of human agency and focalisation, the idea of space as someth<strong>in</strong>g experienced and lived <strong>in</strong>, and the role of the medium <strong>in</strong> the representation of space—and to emphasise that close textual read<strong>in</strong>g underp<strong>in</strong>s our use of ICT throughout (Barker et al. 2010). One major po<strong>in</strong>t reiterated by Barker et al. was that a close textual read<strong>in</strong>g of Herodotus was the first consideration before mak<strong>in</strong>g any technological decisions. The methodology <strong>in</strong> creat<strong>in</strong>g HESTIA <strong>in</strong>volved four stages: (1) utiliz<strong>in</strong>g the digital markup of a Herodotus text obta<strong>in</strong>ed from Perseus; (2) compil<strong>in</strong>g a spatial database from this text; (3) produc<strong>in</strong>g basic GIS, GoogleEarth, and Timel<strong>in</strong>e maps with this database; and (4) creat<strong>in</strong>g and analyz<strong>in</strong>g automated network maps. One particularly <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g feature of the HESTIA project is that it repurposed the TEI-XML versions of Herodotus available from the PDL, and <strong>in</strong> particular the place names tagged, along with coord<strong>in</strong>ates and identifiers from the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN) 308 <strong>in</strong> the English file. Nonetheless, this process of reuse was not seamless, and HESTIA needed to perform some procedural conversions. Specifically, they converted the TEI P4 file from Perseus to TEI P5; the Greek text was transformed from Beta code to Unicode us<strong>in</strong>g a transcoder tool developed by Hugh Cayless. The HESTIA project also decided to use only the English version of the Histories to probe spatial data s<strong>in</strong>ce the Greek text would have to have had toponyms tagged by hand. Nonetheless, s<strong>in</strong>ce they still wanted to make use of the Greek text, they assigned unique identifiers to each section of the text <strong>in</strong> Greek and English so that associations could still be made. In addition, the project needed to perform some data clean<strong>in</strong>g of the geographic markup <strong>in</strong> the Perseus TEI XML file, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g remov<strong>in</strong>g duplicate entries and correct<strong>in</strong>g coord<strong>in</strong>ates, entity categorizations, and references to false locations. This work by HESTIA illustrates that while the creation of open-access texts by digital classics projects supports reuse, this reuse is not without its own computational challenges and costs. 307 Explorations of how time and space were conceived of <strong>in</strong> the ancient world is also the focus of the German research project TOPOI, “The Formation and Transformation of Space and Knowledge <strong>in</strong> Ancient Civilizations” (http://www.topoi.org/<strong>in</strong>dex.php). Recent details on one TOPOI project can be found <strong>in</strong> Pappelau and Belton (2009). 308 http://www.getty.edu/research/conduct<strong>in</strong>g_research/vocabularies/tgn/
94 After correct<strong>in</strong>g and standardiz<strong>in</strong>g the place-name tagg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the English Histories of Herodotus, the HESTIA project extracted this <strong>in</strong>formation and compiled a spatial database stored <strong>in</strong> PostgreSQL 309 (which has a PostGIS extension). This database can be queried to produce different automated results that can then be visualized through maps. The generation of this database posed a number of problems, however, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g questions as to what if any connections Herodotus might have been draw<strong>in</strong>g between places, the quality of the English translation, and various syntactic issues of language representation. Nonetheless, the f<strong>in</strong>al database has a simple structure and conta<strong>in</strong>s only three tables: sections (which stores <strong>in</strong>formation about the section of Herodotus text); locations (which stores unique locations); and references (this table ties the locations and sections together by provid<strong>in</strong>g unique IDs for all references to spatial locations with<strong>in</strong> Herodotus). Whereas Perseus had used only a s<strong>in</strong>gle level of categorization, HESTIA <strong>in</strong>troduced a broader level of categorization of “geotype” and “subtype,” a process that also def<strong>in</strong>es places as settlements, territories, or physical features. The HESTIA project chose QGIS, 310 an open-source GIS tool that connects easily to PostGIS, as the application for query<strong>in</strong>g the database and generat<strong>in</strong>g maps. As with the choice of PostgreSQL, Barker et al. were concerned with choos<strong>in</strong>g applications that would support long-term data preservation and analysis. Us<strong>in</strong>g these tools allowed SQL queries to be generated that could perform various functions with related maps, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g produc<strong>in</strong>g a gazetteer of sites, list<strong>in</strong>g the total number of references to a location (such as by book of Herodotus), and generat<strong>in</strong>g a network based on co-reference of locations (e.g.. with<strong>in</strong> a specific book). To provide greater public access to these data, the HESTIA project decided to expose the PostGIS data as KML so that it could be read by various mapp<strong>in</strong>g applications such as GoogleEarth. The project accomplished this by us<strong>in</strong>g GeoServer, an “Open Source server that serves spatial data <strong>in</strong> a variety of web-friendly formats simultaneously” <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g KML and SVG. The creation of this “Herodotus geodata” allows users to construct their own mashups of the visual and textual data created by the HESTIA project. To more successfully visualize spatial changes <strong>in</strong> the narrative, the project made use of TimeMap.js, 311 an open-source project that uses several technologies to “allow data plotted on GoogleMaps to appear and disappear as a timel<strong>in</strong>e is moved.” The project hired the developer of TimeMap, Nick Rab<strong>in</strong>owitz, to create a “Herodotus Narrative Timel<strong>in</strong>e” that “allows users to visualise locations referred to <strong>in</strong> the text by scroll<strong>in</strong>g along a 'timel<strong>in</strong>e' represent<strong>in</strong>g each chapter.” 312 The development of this timel<strong>in</strong>e, however, also required the creation of one feature to better <strong>in</strong>tegrate textual and visual data: When places are first mentioned, they appear flush to the right-hand side of the ‘timel<strong>in</strong>e’ bar and fully coloured <strong>in</strong> on the map. As one moves through the narrative, however, they move to the left of the ‘timel<strong>in</strong>e’ bar accord<strong>in</strong>gly and become ever fa<strong>in</strong>ter on the map, until, <strong>in</strong> both cases, they drop out altogether. In do<strong>in</strong>g this, we have tried to reproduce more accurately the read<strong>in</strong>g experience: <strong>in</strong> the m<strong>in</strong>d; some chapters later, this place might no longer hold the attention so greatly, but its memory l<strong>in</strong>gers on (captured <strong>in</strong> the Timel<strong>in</strong>e Map by the faded icons), until it disappears altogether. By re-visualis<strong>in</strong>g the data <strong>in</strong> this format, we hope not only to assist <strong>in</strong> the read<strong>in</strong>g experience of Herodotus but also to raise new research questions that would not have been apparent before the advent of such technology (Barker et al. 2010) 309 http://www.postgresql.org/about/ 310 http://www.qgis.org/ 311 http://code.google.com/p/timemap/ 312 http://www.nickrab<strong>in</strong>owitz.com/projects/timemap/herodotus/basic.html
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"Rome Wasn
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ii ISBN 978-1-932326-38-3 CLIR Publ
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iv EpiDoc-Based Digital Epigraphy P
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vi ABOUT THE AUTHOR Alison Babeu ha
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viii PBW PCA PDB PDL PHI PLANETS PN
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x pursuit of knowledge about the an
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2 and intellectual
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4 associations to work together, an
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6 briefly explore issues that are n
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8 for English translations of Greek
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10 is created of the entire bibliog
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12 directory of more than 2,100 cat
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14 generated by the decision tree p
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16 The image-registration algorithm
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18 Schibel and Rydberg-Cox argued t
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20 information ret
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22 In ancient manuscripts, Sanskrit
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24 algorithms; ins
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26 Markov Models (MEMM) 82 and outp
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28 One major project to recently em
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30 developed a cuneiform sign reper
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32 and prayers), and edited texts a
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34 Digital critical editions, howev
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36 While these requirements may see
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38 many discrete texts, in<
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40 examine how l<s
Page 53 and 54: 42 The second fact that Rob
Page 55 and 56: 44 “multimedia scholarly editions
Page 57 and 58: 46 different apparatuses. In Bosche
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Page 63 and 64: 52 First, it utilizes a nearest nei
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Page 97 and 98: 86 transparency, accessibility, ava
Page 99 and 100: 88 (Research Archive for Ancient Sc
Page 101 and 102: 90 This challenge of not just digit
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Page 119 and 120: 108 better set the in</stro
Page 121 and 122: 110 Another related project that ha
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Page 125 and 126: 114 names in texts
Page 127 and 128: 116 and Manuscripts (VRE-SDM) 378 s
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Page 133 and 134: 122 compliant DTD and schema. 393 I
Page 135 and 136: 124 While the advanced document-rec
Page 137 and 138: 126 Another significant manuscript
Page 139 and 140: 128 compelled to operate in
Page 141 and 142: 130 Cayless thus developed a method
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144 to a full text transcription wh
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146 The final majo
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148 One is toward openness; the oth
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150 this idea of personal ownership
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152 prototype 512 in</stron
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154 other assertions made about par
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156 The conclusion drawn from this
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160 philology available at the webs
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162 descriptions that provides scho
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164 of multilingua
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166 Another major methodological is
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168 ancient historians. Network ana
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170 Bradley and Short (2005) have o
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172 “apparently disconnected and
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174 sources used and their abbrevia
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176 resources, inc
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178 materials could be found, a rec
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180 or more documents (69 percent)
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182 This work tends to focus on des
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184 A related poin
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186 “infer user
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188 accessed; few providers, if any
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190 information so
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192 features. In addition, while pa
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194 postdoctoral students, who were
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196 computers by ancient historians
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198 Demos (a growin</strong
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200 database of this encyclopedia c
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202 academia.” At the same time,
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206 science and use ICT occasionall
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208 also declared that the m<strong
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210 were exceptionally diverse, as
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214 tradition of European literatur
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220 SPQR—Supportin</stron
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222 environments in</strong
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226 methods,” Cohen et al. expla<
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230 This lack of deeper understand<
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232 expertise, tools, experience, a
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236 of architecture, tools and serv
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238 reported that eSAD was develop<
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240 semantic tools that would make
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242 Sustainable Pr
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244 A recent ARL report that explor
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246 organizations and fundi
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250 commercial providers. At the sa
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252 representations beyond the bord
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254 such as Vindol
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256 that the question of in
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260 resources and technology overvi
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266 Interoperability”). 763 The m
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272 [Aschenbrenner et al. 2008]. As
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274 Editions.” Advances i
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276 [Bodard et al. 2009]. Bodard, G
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278 [Bulger et al. 2011]. Bulger, M
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280 [Choudhury and Stin</st
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282 [Crane et al. 2009a]. Crane, Gr
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284 [Dué and Ebbott 2009]. Dué, C
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286 [Flaten 2009]. Flaten, Arne R.
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288 [Hardwick 2000]. Hardwick, Lorn
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290 Conference on E-Science Worksho
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292 [Lockyear 2007]. Lockyear, Kris
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294 Cambridge, MA: Association for
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296 [Ntzios et al. 2007]. Ntzios, K
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298 [Reddy and Crane 2006]. Reddy,
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300 [Rydberg-Cox 2009]. Rydberg-Cox
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302 [Smith 2010]. Smith, D. Neel.
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304 and the Canadian Academic Commu
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306 [Wallom et al. 2009]. Wallom, D
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