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computers by ancient historians and classicists,” a phenomenon he noted surprised many
nonclassicists. The third was the demand for open-access research <strong>in</strong> general, and the fourth was the
high quality of the papers. Pritchard did suggest, however, that the PSWPC might improve by
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g better metadata and mak<strong>in</strong>g the repository harvestable through Open Archives Initiative-
Protocol for Metadata Harvest<strong>in</strong>g (OAI-PMH). Like Ober et al, Pritchard recommended that authors
should seek to archive their pre- or postpr<strong>in</strong>ts, but his views on cyber<strong>in</strong>frastructure were limited to the
creation of <strong>in</strong>stitutional repositories or to more departmental collections of work papers.
Open Access, Collaboration, Reuse, and Digital Classics
In addition to open-access repositories of scholarly publications, 591 the need for greater openness <strong>in</strong>
terms of data, collections, methodologies and tools, and the new models of collaborative scholarship
that such openness might support have received grow<strong>in</strong>g attention. As this review has illustrated, a
number of projects, such as the archaeological projects found <strong>in</strong> Open Context, the Perseus Digital
Library, Pleiades, and the Inscriptions of Aphrodisias, have made their texts and source code openly
available. Similarly, many authors (Crane, Seales, and Terras 2009, Bagnall 2010, Bodard and Garcés
2009, Bodard 2009, Rob<strong>in</strong>son 2009) have called for a new level of open access that not only provides
access to scholarship and collections but also provides and promotes openness, <strong>in</strong> terms of actively
support<strong>in</strong>g the reuse of source code, data, and texts.
Reuse is not always an easy task, however, as evidenced by both the HESTIA and LaQuAT projects.
Furthermore, document<strong>in</strong>g reuse is also often difficult, as Gabriel Bodard expla<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> his <strong>in</strong>troduction
to a 2009 Digital Humanities panel on the reuse of open-source materials <strong>in</strong> ancient studies, for “there
is often relatively little evidentiary support <strong>in</strong> the form of openly published datasets that have been
<strong>in</strong>dependently tested or re-used by other projects” (Bodard 2009). This panel <strong>in</strong>cluded the LaQuAT
project, the Homer Multitext, and Pleiades, and Bodard listed several important <strong>in</strong>sights, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the
need for open licens<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> addition to mak<strong>in</strong>g materials available onl<strong>in</strong>e, the conflict between
electronic publication as “resource creation” vs. “self-conta<strong>in</strong>ed research output,” and the need to
conv<strong>in</strong>ce scholars of the advantages of publish<strong>in</strong>g source code and methodologies and not just polished
conclusions. Bodard complicated the idea of reuse by argu<strong>in</strong>g that digital projects need to consider
how to support more sophisticated reuse strategies, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the possibility that materials will be
reused <strong>in</strong> unexpected ways, and determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g not just how to enable improved access or a better
<strong>in</strong>terface to a collection but also how to allow the creation of new <strong>in</strong>terpretations or aggregations of
data.
Neel Smith has echoed this po<strong>in</strong>t and expla<strong>in</strong>ed that the HMT project has chosen to use open-data
formats and well-def<strong>in</strong>ed standards and has released all software under a GNU public license 592 not
only to ensure susta<strong>in</strong>ability and digital preservation but also to promote the highest amount of reuse of
the material as possible. “From the outset, the Homer Multitext Project has been shaped by a sense of
our generations’ responsibility, as we transform the Iliadic tradition <strong>in</strong>to yet another medium, to
perpetuate as completely as we can the tradition we have received,” Smith articulated; “we need to
ensure that as we focus on the new possibilities of digital media we do not <strong>in</strong>advertently restrict what
future scholars and lovers of the Iliad can do with our digital material” (Smith 2010, 122). In terms of
591 While the largest number of open-access publications of classical scholarship are typically reviews, work<strong>in</strong>g papers and journal articles, several
scholars have made copies of books available, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Gregory Crane, Thucydides and the Ancient Simplicity: The Limits of Political Realism,
http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft767nb497/, and Gregory Nagy, P<strong>in</strong>dar’s Homer: The Lyric Possession of an Epic Past.
http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/nagy/PH.html
592 GNU stands for “GNU's Not Unix” (http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-history.html) and a GNU general public license is often called the GNU GPL.