Rome Wasn't Digitized in a Day - Council on Library and Information ...

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151 This example illustrates the primary advantage of encod<strong>in</strong>g the editions <strong>in</strong> XML. If editors wish to differ between uncerta<strong>in</strong> characters and broken characters they can encode them with different tags. They can then transform both tags <strong>in</strong>to under-dots if they still wish to present both <strong>in</strong>stances as such or they can decide to visualize one <strong>in</strong>stance, underl<strong>in</strong>ed and the other under-dotted to dist<strong>in</strong>guish between them (Roued 2009). Thus, EpiDoc allows different scholarly op<strong>in</strong>ions to be encoded <strong>in</strong> the same XML file s<strong>in</strong>ce content markup (EpiDoc XML) and presentation (separate XSLT sheets) are separated. Roued also supported the argument of Roueché (2009) that EpiDoc encod<strong>in</strong>g is not a “substantial conceptual leap” from Leiden encod<strong>in</strong>g. While the first two V<strong>in</strong>dolanda tablet publications were encoded us<strong>in</strong>g EpiDoc, Roued observed that the level of encod<strong>in</strong>g was not very granular and the website was not well set up to exploit the encod<strong>in</strong>g. She also noted that the level of encod<strong>in</strong>g a project chooses typically depends both on the technology chosen and the anticipated future use of the data. For the next series of V<strong>in</strong>dolanda tablets, Roued expla<strong>in</strong>ed that the project decided to pursue an even more granular level of encod<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g words and terms <strong>in</strong> the transcription. This has supported an <strong>in</strong>teractive search functionality and added greater value to the encod<strong>in</strong>g as a knowledge base. To beg<strong>in</strong> with, the project encoded the tablets <strong>in</strong> greater detail regard<strong>in</strong>g Leiden: Encod<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>stances of uncerta<strong>in</strong>ty, added characters and abbreviations enables us to extract these <strong>in</strong>stances from their respective texts and analyze them. We can, for example, count how many characters <strong>in</strong> the text or texts are deemed to be uncerta<strong>in</strong>. Similarly, we can look at the type of characters that are most likely to be supplied. These illustrate the many new possibilities for analyz<strong>in</strong>g the read<strong>in</strong>g of ancient document (Roued 2009). In addition to more extensive encod<strong>in</strong>g of the texts <strong>in</strong> EpiDoc, the eSAD project decided to perform a certa<strong>in</strong> amount of manual “contextual encod<strong>in</strong>g” of words, people, place names, dates, and military terms, or basically of all the items found <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>dexes. For words, the <strong>in</strong>dex conta<strong>in</strong>ed a list of lemmas with references to places <strong>in</strong> the text where correspond<strong>in</strong>g words occurred; encod<strong>in</strong>g these data allowed them to extract <strong>in</strong>formation such as the number of times a lemma occurred <strong>in</strong> the text. Dur<strong>in</strong>g the encod<strong>in</strong>g of the <strong>in</strong>dexes, the project discovered numerous errors that needed to be corrected. All of this encod<strong>in</strong>g has been performed to support new advanced search<strong>in</strong>g features with a new launch of the website as V<strong>in</strong>dolanda Tablets Onl<strong>in</strong>e 2.0 <strong>in</strong> 2010. In particular, they have developed an <strong>in</strong>teractive search feature us<strong>in</strong>g AJAX, 509 LiveSearch, JavaScript, and PHP 510 that gives the user feedback while typ<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a search term. In the case of V<strong>in</strong>dolanda, it will give users a list of all words, terms, names, and dates that conta<strong>in</strong> their search pattern. The XML document created for each <strong>in</strong>scription text conta<strong>in</strong>s all of its relevant bibliographic <strong>in</strong>formation and textual encod<strong>in</strong>g, and Roued expla<strong>in</strong>ed that this necessitated develop<strong>in</strong>g methods that could extract relevant <strong>in</strong>formation only, depend<strong>in</strong>g upon the need. The project thus decided to build RESTful web services us<strong>in</strong>g the ZEND framework 511 and PHP. The V<strong>in</strong>dolanda web services receive URLs with certa<strong>in</strong> parameters and return answers as XML. This allows other projects to utilize these encoded XML files, and, <strong>in</strong> particular, the knowledge base of Lat<strong>in</strong> words. This web service is be<strong>in</strong>g used <strong>in</strong> their related project that seeks to develop an ISS for readers of ancient documents. The 509 AJAX, short for “Asynchronous JavaScript and XML” and is a technique “for creat<strong>in</strong>g fast and dynamic web pages” http://www.w3schools.com/ajax/ajax_<strong>in</strong>tro.asp 510 PHP stands for “Hypertext Processor” and is a server-side script<strong>in</strong>g language, http://www.w3schools.com/php/php_<strong>in</strong>tro.asp 511 http://framework.zend.com/
152 prototype 512 <strong>in</strong>cludes a word search that “takes the partially <strong>in</strong>terpreted characters of a word and attaches them to the web service URL as a pattern, thus receiv<strong>in</strong>g suggestions for the word us<strong>in</strong>g the V<strong>in</strong>dolanda tablets as a knowledge base” (Roued 2009). The research work by eSAD with the V<strong>in</strong>dolanda tablets demonstrates how the use of standard encod<strong>in</strong>g such as EpiDoc can support new research such as the development of knowledge bases from encoded texts. It also illustrates the potential of provid<strong>in</strong>g access to such knowledge resources for other digital humanities projects through web services. Collaborative Workspaces, Image Analysis, and Read<strong>in</strong>g Support Systems The unique nature of work<strong>in</strong>g with papyri has made papyrology a fairly collaborative discipl<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>in</strong> contrast to some of the other subdiscipl<strong>in</strong>es of classics. As noted earlier, Hanson described the amicitia papyrologorum of the n<strong>in</strong>eteenth and twentieth centuries, and this trend it appears cont<strong>in</strong>ues today. “Individual specialists, particularly <strong>in</strong> the study of cultural artifacts or documentary rema<strong>in</strong>s, work with collections of artifacts, texts, artworks, and architecture that may span several excavation sites,” Harley et al. (2010) expla<strong>in</strong>ed, add<strong>in</strong>g that “as a result, scholars can be highly collaborative” … “<strong>in</strong> how they locate and work with these materials <strong>in</strong> order to extract as much <strong>in</strong>formation and detail as possible.” In their review of archaeology, Harley et al. also observed that some scholars desired web-based workspaces that could be shared when work<strong>in</strong>g on documentary rema<strong>in</strong>s. The authors quoted one scholar at length: It would be nice to be able to have a more convenient way of look<strong>in</strong>g at images all at the same time and manipulat<strong>in</strong>g them. We can now do that with text pretty easily, but let’s say a few of us are work<strong>in</strong>g on an edition of a papyrus and we want to discuss some particular feature <strong>in</strong> a high-resolution image of it. The only th<strong>in</strong>g we can really do very easily at that po<strong>in</strong>t is to all look at the same webpage or to pass the image around by email and give verbal cues to navigate to a particular po<strong>in</strong>t (Harley et al. 2010, 111). Some <strong>in</strong>itial work toward provid<strong>in</strong>g such an environment has been conducted by the VRE-SDM project 513 and this work largely cont<strong>in</strong>ues under the eSAD project. Tarte et al. (2009) have observed that greater accessibility to legible images and a collaborative work<strong>in</strong>g environment are both important components of any potential VRE: For Classical historians, add<strong>in</strong>g to the legibility challenge, access to the document is often limited. Collaborative work on the documents is one factor that facilitates their decipher<strong>in</strong>g, transcription and <strong>in</strong>terpretation. The Virtual Research Environment for the Study of Documents and Manuscripts pilot software (VRE-SDM) … was developed to promote non-colocated work between documentary scholars, by provid<strong>in</strong>g them with a web-based <strong>in</strong>terface allow<strong>in</strong>g them to visualize and annotate documents <strong>in</strong> a digitized form, share annotations, exchange op<strong>in</strong>ions and access external knowledge bases (Tarte et al. 2009). The development of this prototype and the <strong>in</strong>-depth exam<strong>in</strong>ation of the work<strong>in</strong>g methodologies of scholars that work with such damaged texts through a video-based ethnographic study have been described <strong>in</strong> Bowman et al. (2010) and de la Flor et al. (2010a). 514 De la Flor et al. reported that the 512 This prototype is discussed <strong>in</strong> the next section of this paper. 513 http://bvreh.humanities.ox.ac.uk/VRE-SDM.html 514 One publication regard<strong>in</strong>g this work (de la Flor et al. 2010b) only recently came to the attention of the author and could not be more fully <strong>in</strong>tegrated <strong>in</strong> this report.
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"Rome Wasn
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ii ISBN 978-1-932326-38-3 CLIR Publ
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iv EpiDoc-Based Digital Epigraphy P
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vi ABOUT THE AUTHOR Alison Babeu ha
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viii PBW PCA PDB PDL PHI PLANETS PN
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x pursuit of knowledge about the an
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2 and intellectual
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4 associations to work together, an
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6 briefly explore issues that are n
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8 for English translations of Greek
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10 is created of the entire bibliog
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12 directory of more than 2,100 cat
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14 generated by the decision tree p
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16 The image-registration algorithm
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18 Schibel and Rydberg-Cox argued t
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20 information ret
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22 In ancient manuscripts, Sanskrit
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24 algorithms; ins
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26 Markov Models (MEMM) 82 and outp
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28 One major project to recently em
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30 developed a cuneiform sign reper
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32 and prayers), and edited texts a
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34 Digital critical editions, howev
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36 While these requirements may see
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38 many discrete texts, in<
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40 examine how l<s
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42 The second fact that Rob
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44 “multimedia scholarly editions
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46 different apparatuses. In Bosche
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48 individual text
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50 In these cases we must provide a
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52 First, it utilizes a nearest nei
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54 entirely pre-searched for each l
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56 As this research in</str
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58 the inscription
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60 Text Min<strong
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62 This manual analysis provided a
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64 As illustrated by this def<stron
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66 archaeology as a discipl
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68 funded with public money <strong
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70 for re-use is a simple slogan, b
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72 framework to in
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74 then mapped to the CRM-EH so tha
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76 tDAR also stores all resources <
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78 Many look to their in</s
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80 Although the multidiscipl<strong
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82 computer science can make it pos
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84 were created after this time. A
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86 transparency, accessibility, ava
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88 (Research Archive for Ancient Sc
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90 This challenge of not just digit
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92 Part of the research of the Plei
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94 After correctin
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96 Epigraphy Overview: Epigraphy Da
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98 step, because epigraphic texts s
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Page 117 and 118: 106 To begin this
Page 119 and 120: 108 better set the in</stro
Page 121 and 122: 110 Another related project that ha
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Page 133 and 134: 122 compliant DTD and schema. 393 I
Page 135 and 136: 124 While the advanced document-rec
Page 137 and 138: 126 Another significant manuscript
Page 139 and 140: 128 compelled to operate in
Page 141 and 142: 130 Cayless thus developed a method
Page 143 and 144: 132 must consider commercial and en
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Page 157 and 158: 146 The final majo
Page 159 and 160: 148 One is toward openness; the oth
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Page 165 and 166: 154 other assertions made about par
Page 167 and 168: 156 The conclusion drawn from this
Page 169 and 170: 158 and that “is main</st
Page 171 and 172: 160 philology available at the webs
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Page 177 and 178: 166 Another major methodological is
Page 179 and 180: 168 ancient historians. Network ana
Page 181 and 182: 170 Bradley and Short (2005) have o
Page 183 and 184: 172 “apparently disconnected and
Page 185 and 186: 174 sources used and their abbrevia
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Page 193 and 194: 182 This work tends to focus on des
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Page 197 and 198: 186 “infer user
Page 199 and 200: 188 accessed; few providers, if any
Page 201 and 202: 190 information so
Page 203 and 204: 192 features. In addition, while pa
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Page 207 and 208: 196 computers by ancient historians
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202 academia.” At the same time,
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204 granted their views of the pote
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206 science and use ICT occasionall
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208 also declared that the m<strong
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210 were exceptionally diverse, as
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212 across virtual collections of d
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214 tradition of European literatur
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216 the related MILARQ project, 649
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218 initial fund<s
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220 SPQR—Supportin</stron
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222 environments in</strong
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224 become less “localized” wit
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226 methods,” Cohen et al. expla<
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228 One might have presumed that ou
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230 This lack of deeper understand<
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232 expertise, tools, experience, a
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234 All link<stron
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236 of architecture, tools and serv
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238 reported that eSAD was develop<
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240 semantic tools that would make
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242 Sustainable Pr
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244 A recent ARL report that explor
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246 organizations and fundi
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248 throughout this review, i.e., o
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250 commercial providers. At the sa
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252 representations beyond the bord
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254 such as Vindol
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256 that the question of in
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258 Linguistic Com
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260 resources and technology overvi
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262 According to B
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264 support the main</stron
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266 Interoperability”). 763 The m
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268 as the point o
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270 This architecture makes it easy
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272 [Aschenbrenner et al. 2008]. As
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274 Editions.” Advances i
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276 [Bodard et al. 2009]. Bodard, G
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278 [Bulger et al. 2011]. Bulger, M
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280 [Choudhury and Stin</st
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282 [Crane et al. 2009a]. Crane, Gr
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284 [Dué and Ebbott 2009]. Dué, C
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286 [Flaten 2009]. Flaten, Arne R.
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288 [Hardwick 2000]. Hardwick, Lorn
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290 Conference on E-Science Worksho
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292 [Lockyear 2007]. Lockyear, Kris
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294 Cambridge, MA: Association for
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296 [Ntzios et al. 2007]. Ntzios, K
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298 [Reddy and Crane 2006]. Reddy,
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300 [Rydberg-Cox 2009]. Rydberg-Cox
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302 [Smith 2010]. Smith, D. Neel.
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304 and the Canadian Academic Commu
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306 [Wallom et al. 2009]. Wallom, D
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