Rome Wasn't Digitized in a Day - Council on Library and Information ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

249 embedded <strong>in</strong> the format, the format is applied to the document. In other words, the content becomes primary aga<strong>in</strong>, and the appearance secondary. This type of focus is very much <strong>in</strong> keep<strong>in</strong>g with the ways <strong>in</strong> which ancient documents have reached us: none of their copyists would have argued that the text’s appearance was as important as its content. The appearance will have changed every time the text was copied (Cayless 2010b, 148). Thus a renewed focus on <strong>in</strong>tellectual content rather than physical appearance is not only important from a digital preservation perspective, Cayless argued, but also more <strong>in</strong> keep<strong>in</strong>g with how ancient texts were transmitted. In addition, Cayless stated that many ancient texts were transmitted with their commentaries, and that digital texts will need to be able to have their own modern versions of commentaries such as notes and annotations preserved as well. While both PDF and Microsoft Word have <strong>in</strong>flexible annotation models, Cayless noted that XML allows for easier, more flexible text annotation. F<strong>in</strong>ally, Cayless listed five <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g pieces of advice for digital archivists that offer food for thought for any long-term <strong>in</strong>frastructure plann<strong>in</strong>g for the humanities. First, as the future view or use of any work cannot easily be predicted, due care must be taken for preserv<strong>in</strong>g a large variety of digital resources. At the same time, Cayless reiterated how “long-term survival may best be ensured by releas<strong>in</strong>g copies from our control” (Cayless 2010b, 149). Second, as works have vary<strong>in</strong>g cycles of <strong>in</strong>terest, long-term preservation must account for cycles of dis<strong>in</strong>terest that could threaten the survival of a work. Cayless thus advised digital archivists to promote the use of their whole collection, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g their lesser-known items. 702 Third, “self-susta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g communities of <strong>in</strong>terest” may prove the most important factor <strong>in</strong> the long-term survival of works, so digital archivists should seek to help connect and facilitate communication between <strong>in</strong>terested users and promote the growth of communities. Fourth, while an entire orig<strong>in</strong>al object may not survive, the <strong>in</strong>tellectual content might still be preserved (e.g., fragmentary texts or derivative works), so Cayless suggested that digital archivists should perhaps worry less about ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the <strong>in</strong>tegrity of digital objects outside of their curatorial control. Fifth, the more copies of a work that exist, the more likely it will be to survive, so digital archivists should extend efforts to obta<strong>in</strong> rights to reproduce digital resources without limitations. Levels of Interoperability and Infrastructure A key issue for any long-term preservation <strong>in</strong>frastructure will be the <strong>in</strong>teroperability of its components, such as different digital repository platforms; diverse types of widely distributed content and heterogeneous data; and <strong>in</strong>dividual digital humanities applications, services, and tools. The ARL report identified the press<strong>in</strong>g need for research libraries to engage with a “larger networked environment” and stressed that digital repositories could no longer be created as isolated collections or silos and <strong>in</strong>stead needed to be designed “<strong>in</strong> ways that allow them to participate <strong>in</strong> higher-level, cross-repository services”(ARL 2009b). In addition, the report by the ARL asserted that by 2015 much technology that was once managed locally would be managed <strong>in</strong> a distributed and virtualized <strong>in</strong>frastructure such as through “cloud comput<strong>in</strong>g,” 703 either through collaboration with<strong>in</strong> and among <strong>in</strong>stitutions or through contract<strong>in</strong>g to 702 Similar arguments were made by Audenaert and Furuta (2010), who revealed that the audience for an orig<strong>in</strong>al source is often the most widely forgotten actor and stated that “consequently, audiences have a significant, if <strong>in</strong>direct, hand <strong>in</strong> a work by determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g what is accepted, what is copied, how it is packaged and which works survive.” 703 Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Webopedia (http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/c/cloud_comput<strong>in</strong>g.html), cloud comput<strong>in</strong>g is similar to grid comput<strong>in</strong>g, and it “relies on shar<strong>in</strong>g comput<strong>in</strong>g resources rather than hav<strong>in</strong>g local servers or personal devices to handle applications.” Cloud comput<strong>in</strong>g applies supercomput<strong>in</strong>g power to “perform tens of trillions of computations per second, <strong>in</strong> consumer-oriented applications” and accomplishes this by network<strong>in</strong>g “large groups of servers,
250 commercial providers. At the same time, they noted that library standards for <strong>in</strong>teroperation would be <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly overshadowed by more general network standards. As large data sets and other massive amounts of content become available, “research will grow more reliant on the production and use of large collections of data or primary source <strong>in</strong>formation organized <strong>in</strong>to a plethora of repositories operat<strong>in</strong>g at national, discipl<strong>in</strong>ary, and <strong>in</strong>stitutional levels” (ARL 2009b). Thus for researchers of the near future, it will not be necessarily important where a particular digital object or collection lives, but it will be essential that different repositories are able to <strong>in</strong>teract with each other. As the ARL report concludes, “In this environment, <strong>in</strong>teroperation between repositories and service technologies will be a press<strong>in</strong>g priority”(ARL 2009b). Gregory Crane has also argued this po<strong>in</strong>t recently, conclud<strong>in</strong>g that humanists will need networks of repositories, and that the “greatest need is for networked repositories that can <strong>in</strong>tegrate collections and services distributed across the network <strong>in</strong> the short term and can then ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> these collections and services over decades” (Crane 2008). The need for <strong>in</strong>teroperable repository <strong>in</strong>frastructures has been addressed by Aschenbrenner et al. (2008), who have argued that for digital repositories to be successful they must become a natural and an <strong>in</strong>tegrated part of users daily work environments. 704 This requires shared standards, description schemas, and <strong>in</strong>frastructure, a task that, they argued, is beyond <strong>in</strong>dividual <strong>in</strong>stitutions and that will not be accomplished through the creation of “local repository islands”: Once it is possible to compose repository components through standard <strong>in</strong>terfaces, repository managers can <strong>in</strong>vestigate which tasks they should take on themselves and which tasks to outsource to suitable service providers. This creates a much-needed competitive market where services can be plugged <strong>in</strong> with greater ease and for less cost. … However, for those new perspectives to manifest, the members of the repository community need to move closer together and develop a collaborative agenda (Aschenbrenner et al. 2008). They also noted that many useful opportunities already existed <strong>in</strong> terms of promot<strong>in</strong>g repository <strong>in</strong>teroperability, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g scalable and on-demand generic storage <strong>in</strong>frastructures, large-scale file-level process<strong>in</strong>g for content analysis, more useful <strong>in</strong>tegration of application environments, and a variety of lightweight preservation services such as “l<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g to community-wide format registries and migration services.” Romary and Armbruster (2009) have made similar arguments (with a focus on research publications) and concluded that digital repositories (thematic, geographical, or <strong>in</strong>stitutional) will be successful and see major uptake only if they are organized as large, central repositories (often organized by discipl<strong>in</strong>e such as Arxiv.org 705 ) that can support faster dissem<strong>in</strong>ation, better services, and more effective preservation and digital curation. Centralized digital repositories, they also argued, will need to become part of the larger scholarly <strong>in</strong>frastructure that is develop<strong>in</strong>g: The specific vision that we have advocated <strong>in</strong> this paper goes <strong>in</strong>to the direction of provid<strong>in</strong>g scientists with digital scholarly workbenches which, through a better coord<strong>in</strong>ation of technical <strong>in</strong>frastructures and adapted editorial support will provide both the quality and flexibility that is usually those with low-cost consumer PC technology, with specialized connections to spread data-process<strong>in</strong>g chores across them. This shared IT <strong>in</strong>frastructure conta<strong>in</strong>s large pools of systems that are l<strong>in</strong>ked together.” Virtualization technologies are frequently used to implement cloud comput<strong>in</strong>g. In terms of academic projects, Fedorazon has recently explored the use of cloud comput<strong>in</strong>g to support digital repositories us<strong>in</strong>g Amazon Web Services and Fedora (Flanders 2009). A recent study by Constance Malpas of OCLC has also provided an important look at the future of cloud comput<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> academic libraries (Malpas 2011). 704 Recent research by Cather<strong>in</strong>e Marshall has offered <strong>in</strong>itial analysis <strong>in</strong>to scholarly writ<strong>in</strong>g and archiv<strong>in</strong>g practices through <strong>in</strong>terviews with scientists <strong>in</strong> order to determ<strong>in</strong>e how to make the practice of scholarly archiv<strong>in</strong>g a more <strong>in</strong>tegral part of the research process (Marshall 2008). 705 http://arxiv.org/
Page 1 and 2:
"Rome Wasn
Page 3 and 4:
ii ISBN 978-1-932326-38-3 CLIR Publ
Page 5 and 6:
iv EpiDoc-Based Digital Epigraphy P
Page 7 and 8:
vi ABOUT THE AUTHOR Alison Babeu ha
Page 9 and 10:
viii PBW PCA PDB PDL PHI PLANETS PN
Page 11 and 12:
x pursuit of knowledge about the an
Page 13 and 14:
2 and intellectual
Page 15 and 16:
4 associations to work together, an
Page 17 and 18:
6 briefly explore issues that are n
Page 19 and 20:
8 for English translations of Greek
Page 21 and 22:
10 is created of the entire bibliog
Page 23 and 24:
12 directory of more than 2,100 cat
Page 25 and 26:
14 generated by the decision tree p
Page 27 and 28:
16 The image-registration algorithm
Page 29 and 30:
18 Schibel and Rydberg-Cox argued t
Page 31 and 32:
20 information ret
Page 33 and 34:
22 In ancient manuscripts, Sanskrit
Page 35 and 36:
24 algorithms; ins
Page 37 and 38:
26 Markov Models (MEMM) 82 and outp
Page 39 and 40:
28 One major project to recently em
Page 41 and 42:
30 developed a cuneiform sign reper
Page 43 and 44:
32 and prayers), and edited texts a
Page 45 and 46:
34 Digital critical editions, howev
Page 47 and 48:
36 While these requirements may see
Page 49 and 50:
38 many discrete texts, in<
Page 51 and 52:
40 examine how l<s
Page 53 and 54:
42 The second fact that Rob
Page 55 and 56:
44 “multimedia scholarly editions
Page 57 and 58:
46 different apparatuses. In Bosche
Page 59 and 60:
48 individual text
Page 61 and 62:
50 In these cases we must provide a
Page 63 and 64:
52 First, it utilizes a nearest nei
Page 65 and 66:
54 entirely pre-searched for each l
Page 67 and 68:
56 As this research in</str
Page 69 and 70:
58 the inscription
Page 71 and 72:
60 Text Min<strong
Page 73 and 74:
62 This manual analysis provided a
Page 75 and 76:
64 As illustrated by this def<stron
Page 77 and 78:
66 archaeology as a discipl
Page 79 and 80:
68 funded with public money <strong
Page 81 and 82:
70 for re-use is a simple slogan, b
Page 83 and 84:
72 framework to in
Page 85 and 86:
74 then mapped to the CRM-EH so tha
Page 87 and 88:
76 tDAR also stores all resources <
Page 89 and 90:
78 Many look to their in</s
Page 91 and 92:
80 Although the multidiscipl<strong
Page 93 and 94:
82 computer science can make it pos
Page 95 and 96:
84 were created after this time. A
Page 97 and 98:
86 transparency, accessibility, ava
Page 99 and 100:
88 (Research Archive for Ancient Sc
Page 101 and 102:
90 This challenge of not just digit
Page 103 and 104:
92 Part of the research of the Plei
Page 105 and 106:
94 After correctin
Page 107 and 108:
96 Epigraphy Overview: Epigraphy Da
Page 109 and 110:
98 step, because epigraphic texts s
Page 111 and 112:
100 text and to previous annotation
Page 113 and 114:
102 and squeezes as well as a selec
Page 115 and 116:
104 original); typ
Page 117 and 118:
106 To begin this
Page 119 and 120:
108 better set the in</stro
Page 121 and 122:
110 Another related project that ha
Page 123 and 124:
112 used to point
Page 125 and 126:
114 names in texts
Page 127 and 128:
116 and Manuscripts (VRE-SDM) 378 s
Page 129 and 130:
118 level of storage in</st
Page 131 and 132:
120 simplicity, and sensible file n
Page 133 and 134:
122 compliant DTD and schema. 393 I
Page 135 and 136:
124 While the advanced document-rec
Page 137 and 138:
126 Another significant manuscript
Page 139 and 140:
128 compelled to operate in
Page 141 and 142:
130 Cayless thus developed a method
Page 143 and 144:
132 must consider commercial and en
Page 145 and 146:
134 standard developed for the desc
Page 147 and 148:
136 to standard catalogs, identific
Page 149 and 150:
138 present an extension and comb<s
Page 151 and 152:
140 scholars in th
Page 153 and 154:
142 described as the amicitia papyr
Page 155 and 156:
144 to a full text transcription wh
Page 157 and 158:
146 The final majo
Page 159 and 160:
148 One is toward openness; the oth
Page 161 and 162:
150 this idea of personal ownership
Page 163 and 164:
152 prototype 512 in</stron
Page 165 and 166:
154 other assertions made about par
Page 167 and 168:
156 The conclusion drawn from this
Page 169 and 170:
158 and that “is main</st
Page 171 and 172:
160 philology available at the webs
Page 173 and 174:
162 descriptions that provides scho
Page 175 and 176:
164 of multilingua
Page 177 and 178:
166 Another major methodological is
Page 179 and 180:
168 ancient historians. Network ana
Page 181 and 182:
170 Bradley and Short (2005) have o
Page 183 and 184:
172 “apparently disconnected and
Page 185 and 186:
174 sources used and their abbrevia
Page 187 and 188:
176 resources, inc
Page 189 and 190:
178 materials could be found, a rec
Page 191 and 192:
180 or more documents (69 percent)
Page 193 and 194:
182 This work tends to focus on des
Page 195 and 196:
184 A related poin
Page 197 and 198:
186 “infer user
Page 199 and 200:
188 accessed; few providers, if any
Page 201 and 202:
190 information so
Page 203 and 204:
192 features. In addition, while pa
Page 205 and 206:
194 postdoctoral students, who were
Page 207 and 208:
196 computers by ancient historians
Page 209 and 210: 198 Demos (a growin</strong
Page 211 and 212: 200 database of this encyclopedia c
Page 213 and 214: 202 academia.” At the same time,
Page 215 and 216: 204 granted their views of the pote
Page 217 and 218: 206 science and use ICT occasionall
Page 219 and 220: 208 also declared that the m<strong
Page 221 and 222: 210 were exceptionally diverse, as
Page 223 and 224: 212 across virtual collections of d
Page 225 and 226: 214 tradition of European literatur
Page 227 and 228: 216 the related MILARQ project, 649
Page 229 and 230: 218 initial fund<s
Page 231 and 232: 220 SPQR—Supportin</stron
Page 233 and 234: 222 environments in</strong
Page 235 and 236: 224 become less “localized” wit
Page 237 and 238: 226 methods,” Cohen et al. expla<
Page 239 and 240: 228 One might have presumed that ou
Page 241 and 242: 230 This lack of deeper understand<
Page 243 and 244: 232 expertise, tools, experience, a
Page 245 and 246: 234 All link<stron
Page 247 and 248: 236 of architecture, tools and serv
Page 249 and 250: 238 reported that eSAD was develop<
Page 251 and 252: 240 semantic tools that would make
Page 253 and 254: 242 Sustainable Pr
Page 255 and 256: 244 A recent ARL report that explor
Page 257 and 258: 246 organizations and fundi
Page 259: 248 throughout this review, i.e., o
Page 263 and 264: 252 representations beyond the bord
Page 265 and 266: 254 such as Vindol
Page 267 and 268: 256 that the question of in
Page 269 and 270: 258 Linguistic Com
Page 271 and 272: 260 resources and technology overvi
Page 273 and 274: 262 According to B
Page 275 and 276: 264 support the main</stron
Page 277 and 278: 266 Interoperability”). 763 The m
Page 279 and 280: 268 as the point o
Page 281 and 282: 270 This architecture makes it easy
Page 283 and 284: 272 [Aschenbrenner et al. 2008]. As
Page 285 and 286: 274 Editions.” Advances i
Page 287 and 288: 276 [Bodard et al. 2009]. Bodard, G
Page 289 and 290: 278 [Bulger et al. 2011]. Bulger, M
Page 291 and 292: 280 [Choudhury and Stin</st
Page 293 and 294: 282 [Crane et al. 2009a]. Crane, Gr
Page 295 and 296: 284 [Dué and Ebbott 2009]. Dué, C
Page 297 and 298: 286 [Flaten 2009]. Flaten, Arne R.
Page 299 and 300: 288 [Hardwick 2000]. Hardwick, Lorn
Page 301 and 302: 290 Conference on E-Science Worksho
Page 303 and 304: 292 [Lockyear 2007]. Lockyear, Kris
Page 305 and 306: 294 Cambridge, MA: Association for
Page 307 and 308: 296 [Ntzios et al. 2007]. Ntzios, K
Page 309 and 310: 298 [Reddy and Crane 2006]. Reddy,
Page 311 and 312:
300 [Rydberg-Cox 2009]. Rydberg-Cox
Page 313 and 314:
302 [Smith 2010]. Smith, D. Neel.
Page 315 and 316:
304 and the Canadian Academic Commu
Page 317 and 318:
306 [Wallom et al. 2009]. Wallom, D
show all

Rome Wasn't Digitized in a Day - Council on Library and Information ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?