OECD Peer Review of E-Government in Denmark - ePractice.eu

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telecommunications services and products would become the “best and cheapest” by 2000. This marked a departure from the 1980s and early 1990s, when Denmark was fairly reluctant to infringe upon the power and privileges of its State-owned monopoly operators. In 1990, the Government created “TeleDanmark” (the Danish telecommunications company commonly called TDC) through a merger of the State-run international operator and the four regional monopoly operators. The main reasons cited for the merger were the need to create a more powerful national operator able to compete on the international market, and a powerful company as a partner for Danish industry. Since then, in order to foster development of the telecommunication market as a basis for social and economic growth, the emphasis has shifted from international competition to lowering barriers to entry for new operators. In 1995, full liberalisation of telecommunications began; it was implemented in two main phases. The first phase introduced price-cap regulation on end-user tariffs alongside interconnection regulation. At the time the main focus of the National Telecom Agency (the government telecommunications regulatory body established under the former Ministry of Research and Information Technology-MITR) was to reduce interconnection rates to encourage alternative providers to enter the market. Legislation abolishing the exclusive rights of TeleDanmark was passed in the spring of 1996 (and revised and expanded in 1997 and 1998).The Mobile Communications Act provided the basis for the licensing of additional mobile services, such as GSM 900. The Interconnection Act stipulated that operators with a significant share of the market (more than 25%) were to grant interconnection to other operators at cost-based prices and on terms that were objective, transparent and non-discriminatory. The new legislation also created boards of appeal for both consumer matters and disputes occurring between the various operators and service providers. The next phase followed a political framework agreement signed in September 1999. During this phase, the Government added to the “best and cheapest” policy the goal of promoting public access to the network society. Fostering competition was seen as the principal means to achieve this goal; the Government implemented initiatives aimed at stimulating the creation of competing access routes for consumers (“several pipes to the home”). In 2000, much of the existing legislation for the telecommunications sector was consolidated into the Act on Competitive Conditions and Consumer Interests in the Telecommunications Market. In 2002, a new National IT and Telecom Agency replaced the former National Telecom Agency. This new agency is under the Ministry for Science, Technology and Innovation, which was created in November 2001 as a successor to the former MITR. The new ministry is responsible for research and education (universities), industrial research, and national technology and innovation policy. The principal mandate of the new regulatory agency is to develop and implement initiatives within key areas of the Government’s ICT policy and strategy – a strategy that aims to ensure an optimal framework for IT and telecommunications and conditions that will enable citizens, businesses, and the public sector to realise the network society. Overall, this market-based strategy has proved successful. A large number of telecommunication operators are now active in the marketplace, competing not only on price but also on quality of services, and Denmark is clearly well placed in terms of achieving its network society goals. However, despite the elimination of its monopoly, some telecommunication operators in Denmark have experienced significant difficulties as a result of the market dominance of the largest operator, TDC. If this continues, there is concern that some of the larger operators will leave the Danish market, which would mean less technological innovation, less competition and higher prices. 169
ICT usage As discussed in Chapter 3, Denmark is among the top 10 ICT using nations in the world (in terms of both supply and demand). Denmark’s number-one ranking in the 2005 Economist e-Readiness Rankings placed it ahead of the United Kingdom, Sweden, Norway and Finland. The ranking is based on assessment of countries’ connectivity and technology infrastructure (25% weighting), business environment (20%), levels of consumer and business adoption of ICT (20%), legal and policy environment (15%), social and cultural environment (15%), and supporting e-services (5%). Further confirmation of the strength of the technological environment for e-government in Denmark is provided by IDC’s Information Society Index (ISI) for 2004. The ISI combines 15 variables in four infrastructure “pillars” to calculate and rank nations’ ability to access and utilize information and information technology (53 nations were included in 2004). Denmark received high scores in a number of variables across all four pillars and placed first ahead of Sweden, the United States, Switzerland, Canada, the Netherlands, Finland, Korea, Norway, and the United Kingdom (IDC). 170
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OECD PEER REVIEW OF E-GOVERNMENT IN
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TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY ASSESSMEN
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ANNEX A: OVERVIEW OF POLITICAL AND
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OECD PEER REVIEW OF E-GOVERNMENT IN
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While it is vital that the Governme
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Finance and the MVTU following thes
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this challenge was frequently menti
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Alongside the problem of the reliab
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In terms of its impact on organisat
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and businesses. While it is not cer
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considerable strategic importance t
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government organisations are aware
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8. Monitoring and evaluation Denmar
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Abstract There is a favourable envi
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E-government context Government pol
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The Structural Reform Between 2005
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administrative procedures. The find
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Figure 1.2 E-government structure a
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II. THE CASE FOR E-GOVERNMENT Denma
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• Creation of a competitive marke
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Abstract Government organisations c
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Source: OECD E-Government Survey: D
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Figure 3.2 Legislative and regulato
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modernisation process, especially i
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and the generally high level of tru
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fund it has created providing a tot
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outright barriers. The clearest evi
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Figure 3.5 Use of public digital se
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• Employment status: students and
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APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 3: INFORMATION
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Figure 3.A.4 ICT usage among Danish
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Figure 3.A.8 Internet access among
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IV. PLANNING AND LEADERSHIP The e-g
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The strategy notes that Denmark is
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exchanged electronically. This is e
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with even lower rankings for driver
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involvement in e-government therefo
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In addition to support for the Join
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Figure 4.5 Responsibility for desig
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V. ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE This chapt
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Structural Reform and e-government
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The Task Force has initiated a proj
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Figure 5.2 Share of documents recei
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Box 5.1 Improving middle management
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Abstract Collaboration is relativel
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Co-ordination of e-government polic
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Box 6.1 Key e-government co-ordinat
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The CRS encompasses a number of reg
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Digital signatures are now being wi
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Denmark - something that could be a
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Staffed by employees from the Digit
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The additional workload is connecte
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such a framework be designed; and 3
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schemas used in different areas of
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• Changing conditions in the publ
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municipalities, which might otherwi
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The current situation has evolved o
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Figure 6.6 Impacts of partnerships
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Source: OECD E-government Survey: D
Page 119 and 120: Abstract The Danish vision for e-go
Page 121 and 122: Figure 7.1 Drivers of e-government
Page 123 and 124: • To ensure internal knowledge of
Page 125 and 126: • The lack of information and the
Page 127 and 128: Figure 7.2 Source and type of e-gov
Page 129 and 130: Figure 7.4 Constraints on demand fo
Page 131 and 132: When asked about the level of impor
Page 133 and 134: eing for one group or another (e.g.
Page 135 and 136: Figure 7.8 Use of electronic delive
Page 137 and 138: The national portal www.denmark.dk
Page 139 and 140: identification of the relationship
Page 141 and 142: Abstract At the all-of-government l
Page 143 and 144: • At least 60 percent of all publ
Page 145 and 146: External audit Another important el
Page 147 and 148: can have impacts: 1) “service cha
Page 149 and 150: Figure 8.4 Responsibilities for mon
Page 151 and 152: CASE STUDY 1: STANDARDS-BASED E-GOV
Page 153 and 154: pharmacies (e.g. referrals and disc
Page 155 and 156: Danish approach of flexible decentr
Page 157 and 158: CASE STUDY 2: ACHIEVING E-GOVERNMEN
Page 159 and 160: Estimation of benefits for both eDa
Page 161 and 162: ANNEX A: OVERVIEW OF POLITICAL AND
Page 163 and 164: ANNEX B: INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT AND
Page 165 and 166: Administrative environment Organisa
Page 167 and 168: Other State government responsibili
Page 169: − Models to support inter-organis
Page 173 and 174: Promotion of IT Research and Educat
Page 175 and 176: other reforms. The plan identified
Page 177 and 178: Overall, these action plans were su
Page 179 and 180: E-mail addresses for everyone Anoth
Page 181 and 182: had developed extensive practical k
Page 183 and 184: ANNEX E: METHODOLOGY Definition of
Page 185 and 186: The survey asked State and local go
Page 187 and 188: ANNEX F: GLOSSARY This glossary was
Page 189 and 190: BIBLIOGRAPHY Agency for Governmenta
Page 191 and 192: Ministry of Science, Technology and
Page 193: Statistics Denmark (2004b), Nyt fra
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