OECD Peer Review of E-Government in Denmark - ePractice.eu

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Figure 6.3 Attitudes towards protection of online processes Security Privacy Consumer protection (e.g. appeal processes etc.) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Higher than offline Same as offline Less than offline Source: OECD E-Government Survey: Denmark. While Denmark has made strong progress with implementation of PKI and uptake of digital signatures, the process has not been without challenges. One major issue that has arisen relates to the government’s decision to use the PKI proposed by TDC, rather than the system proposed by the consortium of Danish banks that was the other major party in the tender process. The consortium went on to develop its own PKI-based security and authentication system called Net-ID. Developed and provided by PBS (Payment Business Services, a banking sector ICT infrastructure supplier owned by most Danish banks and the Danish central bank), Net-ID is available to some 2.1 million customers of Danish banks, and is also being made available to private sector organisations as part of PBS’s business in supplying e-commerce payment systems. It is not, however, compatible with the public sector PKI. Arguments for adopting the Net-ID system proposed by the banking consortium largely revolved around projected economies of scale and scope, and the convenience for users of digital signature which would result from the public and private sectors using the same PKI solution. In the end, Denmark decided to develop a separate public sector PKI. There appears to have been two main reasons for this. Although the digital signatures provided under the Net-ID system are based on the same broad PKI standard (i.e. the X.509 standard) codified in the OCES standard that governs public sector use of PKI in Denmark, there were concerns that the Net-ID implementation of the standard did not meet strict government requirements. There were also concerns about government use of what amounts to a proprietary PKI, particularly in relation to: 1) possible cross-border problems this could create in the future; 2) costs of government use of the system, which continued to rise as discussions with the banking consortium proceeded; and 3) possible future loss of government sovereignty in relation to a critical piece of ICT infrastructure underpinning the functioning of government organisations and public trust in (e-)government. Opting to build the TDC-provided PKI was clearly a difficult policy choice, and one that is still the subject of discussions between government and the banking sector regarding long-term strategic issues and consumer interests relating to alignment of public and private PKIs and digital signatures in 97
Denmark – something that could be achieved through “mutual recognition” of public and privately issued signatures. Government is willing to recognise privately issued signatures as long as they comply (as appropriate) with the standards specified in Denmark’s electronic signature legislation. However, it appears that for the foreseeable future it will be using the PKI and digital certificates provided by TDC. Implementing the PKI has brought some challenges. Free, software-based, digital signatures with passwords linked to CRS numbers were provided to individuals to install and use on their PCs. While this process is relatively straightforward, the issuing of so-called “employee signatures” is more difficult due to the need to establish the actual and legal relationship between employees and their employers as part of the chain for issuing and managing digital signatures. Achieving this has required a complex process of installing special software on employers’ information systems, and implementation of a fee system for employers who wish to have more than 10 employee signatures issued to their staff. This fact, along with some user-education issues and technical difficulties experienced in deploying and managing digital signatures across the diverse platform of PCs in use in Danish homes and businesses, contributed to slower than desired uptake of digital signatures during 2004 – especially among businesses, for which more PKI-enabled services are currently available. To counter this, in late 2004 the Danish Commerce and Companies Agency began a telemarketing campaign to encourage Danish businesses to adopt the digital signature, promoting the benefits of doing so in connection with the e-government services provided through the virk.dk business portal. In interviews, officials advised that the campaign was proving successful, with an approximately 50% success rate in convincing businesses to adopt digital signatures. In interviews where the question of uptake of digital signatures was discussed, two major challenges were identified: 1) the need to develop useful e-government services to drive use of digital signatures (more so for citizens than businesses at this stage); and 2) the fact that the architecture of the PKI does not allow for development of PKI-enabled services designed to be delivered on mobile platforms. While not yet a real problem, it is expected that this situation will become more problematic as demand for mobile e-government increases over the medium to long term. Other interviewees mentioned the long time frames required to implement a large-scale ICT infrastructure of this type as being another challenge. Key point 6.2 Denmark has chosen to develop a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) as a key part of its common public sector ICT infrastructure. As a result of the eDay2 initiative, virtually all government organisations are now able to handle electronic communications involving digital signatures. The Government chose to develop its own PKI instead of adopting the Net-ID system proposed, and subsequently implemented, by a consortium from the Danish banking sector. The decision-making process highlights both the complexity of PKI and its strategic importance to both e-government and e-commerce in Denmark. Government and the banking sector continue to discuss the future development of their respective PKI systems. Meanwhile, the e-government strategy targets distribution of 1.1 million digital signatures by the end of 2006; 425 817 had been issued by September 2005. To achieve the goal, government will have to make sure that: 1) it is developing useful PKI enabled e-government services; 2) difficulties in implementing digital signatures for employees are effectively addressed; and 3) the benefits of digital signatures are promoted to e-government users. 98
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OECD PEER REVIEW OF E-GOVERNMENT IN
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TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY ASSESSMEN
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ANNEX A: OVERVIEW OF POLITICAL AND
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OECD PEER REVIEW OF E-GOVERNMENT IN
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While it is vital that the Governme
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Finance and the MVTU following thes
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this challenge was frequently menti
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Alongside the problem of the reliab
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In terms of its impact on organisat
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and businesses. While it is not cer
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considerable strategic importance t
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government organisations are aware
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8. Monitoring and evaluation Denmar
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Abstract There is a favourable envi
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E-government context Government pol
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The Structural Reform Between 2005
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administrative procedures. The find
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Figure 1.2 E-government structure a
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II. THE CASE FOR E-GOVERNMENT Denma
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• Creation of a competitive marke
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Abstract Government organisations c
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Source: OECD E-Government Survey: D
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Figure 3.2 Legislative and regulato
Page 47 and 48: modernisation process, especially i
Page 49 and 50: and the generally high level of tru
Page 51 and 52: fund it has created providing a tot
Page 53 and 54: outright barriers. The clearest evi
Page 55 and 56: Figure 3.5 Use of public digital se
Page 57 and 58: • Employment status: students and
Page 59 and 60: APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 3: INFORMATION
Page 61 and 62: Figure 3.A.4 ICT usage among Danish
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3.A.8 Internet access among
Page 65 and 66: IV. PLANNING AND LEADERSHIP The e-g
Page 67 and 68: The strategy notes that Denmark is
Page 69 and 70: exchanged electronically. This is e
Page 71 and 72: with even lower rankings for driver
Page 73 and 74: involvement in e-government therefo
Page 75 and 76: In addition to support for the Join
Page 77 and 78: Figure 4.5 Responsibility for desig
Page 79 and 80: V. ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE This chapt
Page 81 and 82: Structural Reform and e-government
Page 83 and 84: The Task Force has initiated a proj
Page 85 and 86: Figure 5.2 Share of documents recei
Page 87 and 88: Box 5.1 Improving middle management
Page 89 and 90: Abstract Collaboration is relativel
Page 91 and 92: Co-ordination of e-government polic
Page 93 and 94: Box 6.1 Key e-government co-ordinat
Page 95 and 96: The CRS encompasses a number of reg
Page 97: Digital signatures are now being wi
Page 101 and 102: Staffed by employees from the Digit
Page 103 and 104: The additional workload is connecte
Page 105 and 106: such a framework be designed; and 3
Page 107 and 108: schemas used in different areas of
Page 109 and 110: • Changing conditions in the publ
Page 111 and 112: municipalities, which might otherwi
Page 113 and 114: The current situation has evolved o
Page 115 and 116: Figure 6.6 Impacts of partnerships
Page 117 and 118: Source: OECD E-government Survey: D
Page 119 and 120: Abstract The Danish vision for e-go
Page 121 and 122: Figure 7.1 Drivers of e-government
Page 123 and 124: • To ensure internal knowledge of
Page 125 and 126: • The lack of information and the
Page 127 and 128: Figure 7.2 Source and type of e-gov
Page 129 and 130: Figure 7.4 Constraints on demand fo
Page 131 and 132: When asked about the level of impor
Page 133 and 134: eing for one group or another (e.g.
Page 135 and 136: Figure 7.8 Use of electronic delive
Page 137 and 138: The national portal www.denmark.dk
Page 139 and 140: identification of the relationship
Page 141 and 142: Abstract At the all-of-government l
Page 143 and 144: • At least 60 percent of all publ
Page 145 and 146: External audit Another important el
Page 147 and 148: can have impacts: 1) “service cha
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Figure 8.4 Responsibilities for mon
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CASE STUDY 1: STANDARDS-BASED E-GOV
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pharmacies (e.g. referrals and disc
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Danish approach of flexible decentr
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CASE STUDY 2: ACHIEVING E-GOVERNMEN
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Estimation of benefits for both eDa
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ANNEX A: OVERVIEW OF POLITICAL AND
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ANNEX B: INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT AND
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Administrative environment Organisa
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Other State government responsibili
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− Models to support inter-organis
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ICT usage As discussed in Chapter 3
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Promotion of IT Research and Educat
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other reforms. The plan identified
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Overall, these action plans were su
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E-mail addresses for everyone Anoth
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had developed extensive practical k
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ANNEX E: METHODOLOGY Definition of
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The survey asked State and local go
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ANNEX F: GLOSSARY This glossary was
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Agency for Governmenta
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Ministry of Science, Technology and
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Statistics Denmark (2004b), Nyt fra
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