OECD Peer Review of E-Government in Denmark - ePractice.eu

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public and private sector ICT developments, with the aim of reaching the “critical mass” required for the Danish information society goals to move from rhetoric to reality. The action plan aimed at establishing a continuous interplay between the government, parliament, the public sector and business to enable establishment of new goals and implementation of new initiatives as progress was made towards the overarching policy goals noted above. This emphasis on cross-sectoral co-operation has become a characteristic of all of Denmark’s ICT strategies. The 1995 plan did not include implementation details for every year, nor was it funded as a lump-sum plan with amounts earmarked for each initiative (although the 1995 budget did provide for a “pool-scheme” under the Ministry of Research and Information Technology of DKK 35 million to follow up on the Info-Society 2000 report). Outside of this funding, the Government felt that the measures proposed in the plan could be implemented within existing State and local government budgets. In a number of cases, the Government considered that a change of organisations’ budgetary priorities in favour of ICT initiatives would be required. The Government also expected that many organisations would be able to fund ICT initiatives out of the savings they would enable. Overall, in the State government area, additional costs connected with the various ICT proposals were to be kept within the framework appropriations of individual ministries, while local government would have to realise any expensive proposals on the basis of a solid economic business case. The 1995 IT action plan’s principal political message was for the public sector to proactively work with the private sector on a strategy for Denmark’s development towards the information society. The Government expected the public sector to aim at achieving a position of leadership and demonstration in regard to efficient use of ICT. A wide range of these initiatives was successfully completed in 1995, and the rest of the initiatives were completed in 1996 and 1997. The 1995 Plan was followed in 1996 by the IT action plan entitled Information society for all – The Danish model. The three main elements of this plan were: 1. A social responsibility to ensure all Danes were involved in information society developments. 2. The push for a broad information society dialogue out of which everyone assumed responsibility for action. 3. Forward-looking infrastructure development. This plan was also an overall success, with most of the initiatives being implemented within approximately two years. The 1997/98 Plan, called Action for Change, was to a large extent based on the proposition that “actions speak louder than words”. The plan had four areas of focus: 1. Ensuring citizens’ rights in the information society. 2. Ensuring existence of IT literacy at all levels of society. 3. Revitalising the interaction of citizens and the administration to ensure an open public sector. 4. Development of security solutions to ensure the uptake of electronic commerce and other digital communications requiring a high level of security. 175
Overall, these action plans were successful, with most of their initiatives being achieved within specified time frames. Perhaps the most important outcome was creation of broad awareness in Denmark of the importance of continued development of the use of ICT in government, business, and everyday life. Digital Denmark – Transformation to the Network Society In 1999, the Government appointed the Digital Denmark Committee to report on Denmark’s progress in transforming itself into a “network society” (the change of focus from the information society reflecting the impact of the Internet on policy thinking). The Committee produced an evaluation report of Denmark’s ICT status called Danish IT Pictures. The report concluded that ICT had had a clear impact in Denmark since 1994, affecting work life, leisure activities, public administration, businesses, etc. In 1999, more than 50% of Danish households owned a computer and one-third had access to the Internet. Furthermore, two-thirds of small businesses, and all businesses with over 50 employees, were using the Internet. In the same period the public sector had established 1,600 Internet homepages. The resulting report, titled Digital Denmark - Transformation to the Network Society, focused on the question of how Denmark could become a leading ICT-using nation and participant in the emerging global network society, while still keeping the basic values of the Danish welfare society intact. The future ICT policy goals established in the report were: 1. Providing for lifelong learning for everybody. 2. Positioning Denmark as an e-commerce/trade nation. 3. Provision of better and cheaper public services. 4. Creation of a clear Danish profile on the Internet. 5. Establishment of two IT “lighthouses” (i.e. ICT demonstration initiatives). The report replaced the earlier Info-Society 2000 report as the basis for the Government’s future ICT policies and action plans, formulation of which was the responsibility of the new Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation. The report made clear recommendations on what needed to be done in various sectors of society, emphasising that quick action was a prerequisite for Danish participation in the global network society. It stated that Denmark was well positioned to achieve these goals, with Danish citizens among the world’s best equipped for life in the network society. Denmark on the Web Formulated in 2000, Denmark on the Web (Danmark på Nettet) was a strategy to encourage the public sector to provide electronic services to citizens. Two notable initiatives arising from this strategy in 2001 were the Top of the Web project evaluating the quality of all public sector Web sites, and establishment of the danmark.dk portal which provides information about and from government organisations. The next action plan, called IT for All – Denmark’s Future, was published in 2002. The plan reflected a significant shift in the thinking behind Danish ICT policy, based on the premise that ICT 176
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OECD PEER REVIEW OF E-GOVERNMENT IN
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TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY ASSESSMEN
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ANNEX A: OVERVIEW OF POLITICAL AND
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OECD PEER REVIEW OF E-GOVERNMENT IN
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While it is vital that the Governme
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Finance and the MVTU following thes
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this challenge was frequently menti
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Alongside the problem of the reliab
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In terms of its impact on organisat
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and businesses. While it is not cer
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considerable strategic importance t
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government organisations are aware
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8. Monitoring and evaluation Denmar
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Abstract There is a favourable envi
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E-government context Government pol
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The Structural Reform Between 2005
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administrative procedures. The find
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Figure 1.2 E-government structure a
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II. THE CASE FOR E-GOVERNMENT Denma
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• Creation of a competitive marke
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Abstract Government organisations c
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Source: OECD E-Government Survey: D
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Figure 3.2 Legislative and regulato
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modernisation process, especially i
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and the generally high level of tru
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fund it has created providing a tot
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outright barriers. The clearest evi
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Figure 3.5 Use of public digital se
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• Employment status: students and
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APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 3: INFORMATION
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Figure 3.A.4 ICT usage among Danish
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Figure 3.A.8 Internet access among
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IV. PLANNING AND LEADERSHIP The e-g
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The strategy notes that Denmark is
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exchanged electronically. This is e
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with even lower rankings for driver
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involvement in e-government therefo
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In addition to support for the Join
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Figure 4.5 Responsibility for desig
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V. ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE This chapt
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Structural Reform and e-government
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The Task Force has initiated a proj
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Figure 5.2 Share of documents recei
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Box 5.1 Improving middle management
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Abstract Collaboration is relativel
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Co-ordination of e-government polic
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Box 6.1 Key e-government co-ordinat
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The CRS encompasses a number of reg
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Digital signatures are now being wi
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Denmark - something that could be a
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Staffed by employees from the Digit
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The additional workload is connecte
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such a framework be designed; and 3
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schemas used in different areas of
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• Changing conditions in the publ
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municipalities, which might otherwi
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The current situation has evolved o
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Figure 6.6 Impacts of partnerships
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Source: OECD E-government Survey: D
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Abstract The Danish vision for e-go
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Figure 7.1 Drivers of e-government
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• To ensure internal knowledge of
Page 125 and 126: • The lack of information and the
Page 127 and 128: Figure 7.2 Source and type of e-gov
Page 129 and 130: Figure 7.4 Constraints on demand fo
Page 131 and 132: When asked about the level of impor
Page 133 and 134: eing for one group or another (e.g.
Page 135 and 136: Figure 7.8 Use of electronic delive
Page 137 and 138: The national portal www.denmark.dk
Page 139 and 140: identification of the relationship
Page 141 and 142: Abstract At the all-of-government l
Page 143 and 144: • At least 60 percent of all publ
Page 145 and 146: External audit Another important el
Page 147 and 148: can have impacts: 1) “service cha
Page 149 and 150: Figure 8.4 Responsibilities for mon
Page 151 and 152: CASE STUDY 1: STANDARDS-BASED E-GOV
Page 153 and 154: pharmacies (e.g. referrals and disc
Page 155 and 156: Danish approach of flexible decentr
Page 157 and 158: CASE STUDY 2: ACHIEVING E-GOVERNMEN
Page 159 and 160: Estimation of benefits for both eDa
Page 161 and 162: ANNEX A: OVERVIEW OF POLITICAL AND
Page 163 and 164: ANNEX B: INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT AND
Page 165 and 166: Administrative environment Organisa
Page 167 and 168: Other State government responsibili
Page 169 and 170: − Models to support inter-organis
Page 171 and 172: ICT usage As discussed in Chapter 3
Page 173 and 174: Promotion of IT Research and Educat
Page 175: other reforms. The plan identified
Page 179 and 180: E-mail addresses for everyone Anoth
Page 181 and 182: had developed extensive practical k
Page 183 and 184: ANNEX E: METHODOLOGY Definition of
Page 185 and 186: The survey asked State and local go
Page 187 and 188: ANNEX F: GLOSSARY This glossary was
Page 189 and 190: BIBLIOGRAPHY Agency for Governmenta
Page 191 and 192: Ministry of Science, Technology and
Page 193: Statistics Denmark (2004b), Nyt fra
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