State of World Population 2012 - Country Page List - UNFPA

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Family planning programmes reinforce the positive impacts of other programmes that invest in human capital. By reducing maternal mortality and increasing life expectancy, such programmes raise the return to schooling and thus increase the returns to investment in education, particularly for girls. Governments should regard family planning in the same way they view and prioritize other humancapital investments in education, labour force participation and political participation. By reducing maternal mortality and increasing life expectancy, such programmes raise the return to schooling and thus increase the returns to investment in education, particularly for girls. Governments should regard family planning in the same way they view and prioritize other human-capital investments in education, labour force participation and political participation. The close relationship between declines in fertility and improvements in women’s rights suggests that governments and multilateral institutions should not only focus on promoting direct legislative changes for women’s rights but should also invest in family planning and other programmes that invest in human capital. This is one more way of improving the bargaining position of women in society. Family planning programmes are not, however, a substitute for other types of investments in human capital. In fact, family planning programmes and declines in fertility have their maximum impact in societies that are making complementary investments in increasing female schooling, expanding labour market opportunities, and experiencing economic changes that fundamentally change the cost-benefit tradeoff of high fertility. Programmes have often been most effective when coupled with other types of maternal and child health inputs. 3 Ensure the right to family planning of specific excluded groups As an essential part of governments’ commitments to rectifying inequalities in health, programmes must address the financial, physical, legal, social and cultural factors that make it difficult for so many people to seek health services and overcome the intersecting forms of discrimination they may face. Poor women who have no access to family planning have more children than they intend. Meanwhile, wealthy and educated elites, wherever they are, tend to have access to family planning, independent of whether policies or programmes support it. In many countries, even though efforts have been made to overcome health inequities by targeting services for the poor, the benefits are often accrued mainly by those who are already better off (Gwatkin and others, 2007). To improve access to contraceptive information and services for the poor, programmes must often address not just the financial obstacles but also the physical obstacles (such as distance to health facilities and the opportunity costs of lost work time to visit family planning providers) and social and cultural factors (including disrespectful or judgmental treatment by health workers, lack of autonomy in making decisions about health services or family or community opposition to contraceptive use). In countries where it is needed, new legislation should be introduced to ensure universal access to family planning; in others, steps must be taken to ensure the equitable implementation of existing legislation, policies and programming. Government support for family planning should include actions that make services available to marginalized groups, 102 CHAPTER 6: MAKING THE RIGHT TO FAMILY PLANNING UNIVERSAL
including indigenous and ethnic minorities and persons who live in hard-to-reach urban and rural communities (United Nations Economic and Social Council, 2009). Family planning policies and programmes must respond to the needs of unmarried persons of all ages whose numbers are growing worldwide. Young people and adults are entering, staying, and ending partnerships in ways different from previous generations, and education and services must respond to these changes. Young people need services between their first sexual experiences and when they marry. Expanding access to meet young peoples’ sexual and reproductive health needs will require advocacy and other actions that shift attitudes about young peoples’ sexual and reproductive experiences. Services and information should be made available to adults who are separated from their partners or in new partnerships later in life. As people grow older, they face shifting pressures to fulfil community and familial expectations related to sex, marriage, and childbearing. As their roles evolve, their need for family planning often recedes from the view of policymakers and programme designers. Family planning programmes should be expanded so that services are available to young, married women and their husbands. Married adolescents face great difficulties in accessing family planning services, and are therefore vulnerable to unintended or unwanted pregnancies and their negative health effects (Ortayli and Malarcher, 2010; Godha, Hotchkiss t A couple in Botswana learns about contraceptive options. © Panos/Giacomo Pirozzi THE STATE OF WORLD POPULATION 2012 103
Page 1 and 2:
14 November 2012 BY CHOICE, NOT BY
Page 3 and 4:
state of world population 2012 BY C
Page 5 and 6:
ut many others have to do with econ
Page 7 and 8:
t Women who are able to plan their
Page 9 and 10:
What are the social and economic be
Page 11 and 12:
CHAPTER ONE The right to family pla
Page 13 and 14:
to—the social, political and econ
Page 15 and 16:
1994 At the International Conferenc
Page 17 and 18:
Rights, 2012). The charges had been
Page 19 and 20:
health care, which includes family
Page 21 and 22:
designing and delivering accessible
Page 23 and 24:
use, and reduces unintended pregnan
Page 25 and 26:
For UNFPA, the key benefits to impl
Page 27 and 28:
CHAPTER TWO Analysing data and tren
Page 29 and 30:
through the wealthiest 20 per cent.
Page 31 and 32:
pers, advertisements and by word of
Page 33 and 34:
cohabitating partner (UNICEF, Offic
Page 35 and 36:
methods are several times more effe
Page 37 and 38:
Despite the tendency to consolidate
Page 39 and 40:
CASE STUDY No-scalpel vasectomy in
Page 41 and 42:
contribute to high unmet need (Sing
Page 43 and 44:
abortions in the region lead to mor
Page 45 and 46:
(as stated in the Convention on the
Page 47 and 48:
arriers prevent individuals from ac
Page 49 and 50:
CHAPTER THREE Challenges in extendi
Page 51 and 52:
sources of sexual and reproductive
Page 53 and 54:
messages were delivered via a numbe
Page 55 and 56:
Ricardo, 2005). Moreover, young and
Page 57 and 58:
information and services, including
Page 59 and 60:
instances of early sexual initiatio
Page 61 and 62: ut conventional family planning mes
Page 63 and 64: Social Affairs, 2009). Data from 15
Page 65 and 66: Many institutions, providers, and c
Page 67 and 68: groups (Maya, Xinka, and Garifuna)
Page 69 and 70: who are living with HIV and are con
Page 71 and 72: Studies suggest that HIV may have a
Page 73 and 74: with a public health challenge (Wor
Page 75 and 76: State-run family planning programme
Page 77 and 78: people in mobile, temporary, and re
Page 79 and 80: systems and civic participation to
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER FOUR The social and economi
Page 83 and 84: t Community education in Caracas, V
Page 85 and 86: Estimates of Total Fertility 2010-2
Page 87 and 88: children, and healthier women also
Page 89 and 90: empirical evidence supporting this
Page 91 and 92: y the 1990s was accompanied by incr
Page 93 and 94: gender equality is much stronger an
Page 95 and 96: substantially, created new opportun
Page 97 and 98: CHAPTER FIVE The costs and savings
Page 99 and 100: Europe; the highest is 64 per cent
Page 101 and 102: Extending access to meet the unmet
Page 103 and 104: “family planning” services ofte
Page 105 and 106: therapy as an inexpensive preventiv
Page 107 and 108: CHAPTER SIX Making the right to fam
Page 109 and 110: 1 Expand the reach of family planni
Page 111: ange of rights. Meeting those oblig
Page 115 and 116: 4 Increase funding for family plann
Page 117 and 118: Monitoring Monitoring ICPD ICPD Goa
Page 123 and 124: Monitoring ICPD Goals Demographic -
Page 125 and 126: Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
Page 127 and 128: Bibliography Abbasi-Shavazi, Mohamm
Page 140: Delivering a world where every preg
show all

State of World Population 2012 - Country Page List - UNFPA

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?