State of World Population 2012 - Country Page List - UNFPA

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t Women lining up for free family planning services. An estimated 222 million women in developing countries lack access to modern contraceptives. ©Lindsay Mgbor/ UK Department for International Development A set of “minimum core obligations” are independent of national resources and are therefore not subject to progressive realization. These include providing access to family planning information and services on a non-discriminatory basis, and providing essential drugs as defined under the World Health Organization Action Programme on Essential Drugs, which includes the full range of contraceptive methods. (Center for Reproductive Rights and UNFPA, 2010) A human rights-based approach to family planning Human rights standards, as laid out in international treaties and further developed in national laws and regulations provide the legal basis for 10 CHAPTER 1: THE RIGHT TO FAMILY PLANNING
designing and delivering accessible, acceptable and high-quality family planning information and services and for establishing the basis for advocacy by individuals and communities who want these services (Cottingham, Germain and Hunt, 2010). Advocacy includes lobbying for the translation of international commitments into national laws, policies and regulations, and for accountability in implementing these laws, policies and regulations. Human rights standards and the authoritative interpretation of the standards by the corresponding treaty monitoring bodies (General Comments) provide an objective set of parameters and criteria that help translate the right to family planning at the abstract normative level into policies and programmes. As part of ensuring this translation, development cooperation must contribute to developing the capacities of “duty-bearers” (especially States) to meet their obligations, and to “rights-holders” (individuals and communities) to claim their rights (World Health Organization and Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2010). The committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights in its General Comment Number 14 on the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health has defined the following normative elements that apply to all the underlying determinants of health: Availability The State’s obligation to ensure the availability of the full range of family planning methods extends to offering services, to regulating conscientious objection and private service delivery, and to ensuring that providers are offering the full range of legally permissible services. The State’s role to protect and fulfil rights includes ensuring that the exercise of conscientious objection among healthcare providers UNFPA ensuring a reliable supply of quality contraceptives Through its Global Programme to Enhance Reproductive Health Commodity Security, UNFPA ensures access to a reliable supply of contraceptives in 46 developing countries. Since the Programme’s inception in 2007, UNFPA has mobilized $450 million for reproductive health commodities, including contraceptives. In 2011 alone, the Programme provided $32 million for these commodities and $44 million for initiatives to strengthen national health care systems and build their capacities to deliver reproductive health services. In 2011, the Programme funded about 15 million vials of injectable contraceptives, 1.1 million intrauterine devices, 14 million cycles of oral contraception, 316,000 doses of emergency oral contraception, 308,000 contraceptive implants, 253 million male condoms and 3.5 million female condoms. does not result in unavailability of services. “Conscientious objection” occurs when healthcare practitioners for reasons of their own religious or other beliefs do not want to provide full information on some alternatives. “[T]hey have, as a matter of respect for their patient’s human rights, an ethical obligation to disclose their objection, and to make an appropriate referral so [the patient] may obtain the full information necessary to make a valid choice” (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Committee for the Study of Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women’s Health, 2009). The United States is responding to conscientious objection in the context of the Affordable Care Act. In January 2012, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services specified preventive health services that new insurance plans would be required to cover (Galston and Rogers, 2010). The list included contraceptives and sterilizations including emergency contraception. Churches were narrowly exempted from this rule, but religiously affiliated hospitals and social service agencies were not. If they were not already providing these services, THE STATE OF WORLD POPULATION 2012 11
Page 1 and 2: 14 November 2012 BY CHOICE, NOT BY
Page 3 and 4: state of world population 2012 BY C
Page 5 and 6: ut many others have to do with econ
Page 7 and 8: t Women who are able to plan their
Page 9 and 10: What are the social and economic be
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER ONE The right to family pla
Page 13 and 14: to—the social, political and econ
Page 15 and 16: 1994 At the International Conferenc
Page 17 and 18: Rights, 2012). The charges had been
Page 19: health care, which includes family
Page 23 and 24: use, and reduces unintended pregnan
Page 25 and 26: For UNFPA, the key benefits to impl
Page 27 and 28: CHAPTER TWO Analysing data and tren
Page 29 and 30: through the wealthiest 20 per cent.
Page 31 and 32: pers, advertisements and by word of
Page 33 and 34: cohabitating partner (UNICEF, Offic
Page 35 and 36: methods are several times more effe
Page 37 and 38: Despite the tendency to consolidate
Page 39 and 40: CASE STUDY No-scalpel vasectomy in
Page 41 and 42: contribute to high unmet need (Sing
Page 43 and 44: abortions in the region lead to mor
Page 45 and 46: (as stated in the Convention on the
Page 47 and 48: arriers prevent individuals from ac
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER THREE Challenges in extendi
Page 51 and 52: sources of sexual and reproductive
Page 53 and 54: messages were delivered via a numbe
Page 55 and 56: Ricardo, 2005). Moreover, young and
Page 57 and 58: information and services, including
Page 59 and 60: instances of early sexual initiatio
Page 61 and 62: ut conventional family planning mes
Page 63 and 64: Social Affairs, 2009). Data from 15
Page 65 and 66: Many institutions, providers, and c
Page 67 and 68: groups (Maya, Xinka, and Garifuna)
Page 69 and 70: who are living with HIV and are con
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Studies suggest that HIV may have a
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with a public health challenge (Wor
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State-run family planning programme
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people in mobile, temporary, and re
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systems and civic participation to
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CHAPTER FOUR The social and economi
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t Community education in Caracas, V
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Estimates of Total Fertility 2010-2
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children, and healthier women also
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empirical evidence supporting this
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y the 1990s was accompanied by incr
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gender equality is much stronger an
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substantially, created new opportun
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CHAPTER FIVE The costs and savings
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Europe; the highest is 64 per cent
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Extending access to meet the unmet
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“family planning” services ofte
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therapy as an inexpensive preventiv
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CHAPTER SIX Making the right to fam
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1 Expand the reach of family planni
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ange of rights. Meeting those oblig
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including indigenous and ethnic min
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4 Increase funding for family plann
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Monitoring Monitoring ICPD ICPD Goa
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Page 121 and 122:
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Monitoring ICPD Goals Demographic -
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Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
Page 127 and 128:
Bibliography Abbasi-Shavazi, Mohamm
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Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
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Page 140:
Delivering a world where every preg
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