State of World Population 2012 - Country Page List - UNFPA

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world (United Nations Population Division, 2012). In sub-Saharan Africa, adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 have, on average, 120 births per 1,000 per year, ranging from a high of 199 per 1,000 girls in Niger to a low of 43 per 1,000 girls in Rwanda. Over half of young women give birth before age 20 (Godha, Hotchkiss and Gage, 2011), and adolescent fertility in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa has shown little decline since 1990 (Loaiza and Blake, 2010). In the Caucasus and Central Asia, fertility among adolescents has leveled off over the past 10 years, perhaps because the region has achieved such high levels of girls’ schooling, with gender parity at the secondary level and more girls studying at the tertiary level than boys (United Nations, 2012). The only region where adolescent fertility increased between 2000 and 2010 was Southeast Asia. The need for comprehensive data Protecting the right to family planning first requires a baseline understanding of who currently has access to family planning and who does not. Ensuring rights also requires an Data-driven advocacy results in political and financial support for family planning in Ecuador Fertility rates in Ecuador vary among population groups. Women in the lowest income quintile, for example, have an average of five children, compared to women in the highest income quintile who have about two. These disparities reflect inequalities in access to sexual and reproductive health services. In response, UNFPA partnered with the Ministry of Health and other bilateral and multinational organizations to collect and analyse data to document the disparities and to advocate for changes that would rectify these inequalities. The data made the case in 2009 for a new strategy for family planning and for the prevention of adolescent pregnancy, and as a result, Ecuador stepped up its investments in reproductive health supplies, including contraceptives, by more than 700 per cent between 2010 and 2012, to $57 million. understanding of how young people and adults view sex, sexuality, and the decision to have children. New technologies make it possible for States to gain a greater understanding of demographic trends and the environmental factors that motivate people to have sex and influence fertility rates. Digital and mobile communications make it possible for people to more easily access information about their rights and their governments’ obligations to uphold them. An assessment of family planning trends requires a nuanced analysis of who is most vulnerable, whose needs have been neglected, and what factors contribute to peoples’ vulnerabilities and their inability to realize their rights to family planning throughout their lives (UNFPA, 2010). Good demographic measures tell a complex and evolving narrative. Stakeholders increasingly need to analyse these data in concert with information about the social, cultural, and political conditions that shape health and cause patterns in health to evolve. The World Health Organization asserts that these social determinants of health drive “most of the global burden of disease and the bulk of health inequalities” (World Health Organization, 2005). At all levels—individual, community, and national— social determinants of health establish conditions that influence the ability of women, men, and young people to access quality family planning when they want to prevent or delay pregnancy at different stages of their lives. Policymakers must therefore use comprehensive data across sectors on population dynamics, including age structures and the rate of urbanization, as well as other trends. Simply increasing the availability of family planning may do little to reduce unintended pregnancy without analyses of where unmet need is greatest, where efforts to uphold reproductive rights have been weak, or where cultural, social, economic or logistical 36 CHAPTER 2: ANALYSING DATA AND TRENDS TO UNDERSTAND THE needs
arriers prevent individuals from accessing information and high quality services. The Programme of Action highlights the interrelation of human sexuality, age and gender relations, and how they together affect the ability of men and women to achieve and maintain sexual health and manage their reproductive lives. Family planning programmes must therefore be based on an analysis of data in ways that take into account the continuum of sexual activity, as well as the gender- and age-specific consequences of sexual activity. Conclusion Fertility, unmet need, rates of discontinuation among those who are using contraception and levels of unsafe abortion are highest in the poorest countries, and among disadvantaged populations within every country. Lingering high levels of unintended pregnancy persist in some developed countries. Persistent inequalities can be seen in access to and use of family planning between the educated and wealthy elites and everyone else. When it comes to using family planning, therefore, those who can, do, while those with more limited access experience unmet need and unintended pregnancy. In contemplating the need around the world for family planning information and services, policymakers need access to comprehensive data and should consider patterns of sexual activity and not just fertility rates. t A couple with their baby in Vulcan. Romania. ©Panos/Petrut Calinescu THE STATE OF WORLD POPULATION 2012 37
Page 1 and 2: 14 November 2012 BY CHOICE, NOT BY
Page 3 and 4: state of world population 2012 BY C
Page 5 and 6: ut many others have to do with econ
Page 7 and 8: t Women who are able to plan their
Page 9 and 10: What are the social and economic be
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER ONE The right to family pla
Page 13 and 14: to—the social, political and econ
Page 15 and 16: 1994 At the International Conferenc
Page 17 and 18: Rights, 2012). The charges had been
Page 19 and 20: health care, which includes family
Page 21 and 22: designing and delivering accessible
Page 23 and 24: use, and reduces unintended pregnan
Page 25 and 26: For UNFPA, the key benefits to impl
Page 27 and 28: CHAPTER TWO Analysing data and tren
Page 29 and 30: through the wealthiest 20 per cent.
Page 31 and 32: pers, advertisements and by word of
Page 33 and 34: cohabitating partner (UNICEF, Offic
Page 35 and 36: methods are several times more effe
Page 37 and 38: Despite the tendency to consolidate
Page 39 and 40: CASE STUDY No-scalpel vasectomy in
Page 41 and 42: contribute to high unmet need (Sing
Page 43 and 44: abortions in the region lead to mor
Page 45: (as stated in the Convention on the
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER THREE Challenges in extendi
Page 51 and 52: sources of sexual and reproductive
Page 53 and 54: messages were delivered via a numbe
Page 55 and 56: Ricardo, 2005). Moreover, young and
Page 57 and 58: information and services, including
Page 59 and 60: instances of early sexual initiatio
Page 61 and 62: ut conventional family planning mes
Page 63 and 64: Social Affairs, 2009). Data from 15
Page 65 and 66: Many institutions, providers, and c
Page 67 and 68: groups (Maya, Xinka, and Garifuna)
Page 69 and 70: who are living with HIV and are con
Page 71 and 72: Studies suggest that HIV may have a
Page 73 and 74: with a public health challenge (Wor
Page 75 and 76: State-run family planning programme
Page 77 and 78: people in mobile, temporary, and re
Page 79 and 80: systems and civic participation to
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER FOUR The social and economi
Page 83 and 84: t Community education in Caracas, V
Page 85 and 86: Estimates of Total Fertility 2010-2
Page 87 and 88: children, and healthier women also
Page 89 and 90: empirical evidence supporting this
Page 91 and 92: y the 1990s was accompanied by incr
Page 93 and 94: gender equality is much stronger an
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CHAPTER FIVE The costs and savings
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Europe; the highest is 64 per cent
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Extending access to meet the unmet
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“family planning” services ofte
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therapy as an inexpensive preventiv
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CHAPTER SIX Making the right to fam
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1 Expand the reach of family planni
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ange of rights. Meeting those oblig
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including indigenous and ethnic min
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4 Increase funding for family plann
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Monitoring Monitoring ICPD ICPD Goa
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Monitoring ICPD Goals Demographic -
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Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
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Bibliography Abbasi-Shavazi, Mohamm
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Delivering a world where every preg
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