State of World Population 2012 - Country Page List - UNFPA

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Relationship between adherence to dominant masculinities and sexuality 80 70 60 Men need more sex than women do Men don’t talk about sex, they just do it 57.1 58.1 61.2 Men are always ready to have sex 69.7 57.8 54.2 50.1 48.6 32.4 % Agree 50 40 30 25.2 34.3 26.5 30.7 41.7 20 10 0 0 Brazil Croatia India Mexico Rwanda Source: International Men and Gender Equality Survey, International Center for Research on Women & Instituto Promundo 2011 are taken for granted following patterns of exclusion specific to each setting. Across societies worldwide, expectations dictate that sex should take place only among married individuals who are healthy, heterosexual, monogamous, not too young, not too old, and whose childbearing fulfils expectations in their families and communities. When any person’s sexual activity violates any of these rigid requirements, society makes it more difficult for that person to access family planning education, methods and services. Human sexuality and gender relations are closely interrelated and together affect the ability of men and women to achieve and maintain sexual health and manage their reproductive lives... Responsible sexual behaviour, sensitivity and equity in gender relations, particularly when instilled during the formative years, enhance and promote respectful and harmonious partnerships between men and women. — Programme of Action of the ICPD, paragraph 7.34 Reinforced over time by longstanding cultural attitudes and practices, social norms underpin the dialogue, or the absence thereof, around individuals’ sexual desires, their motivations and reservations about accessing family planning, and the stigma and discrimination they experience. To take the example of unmarried adolescents, despite copious evidence that many are sexually active and that it makes complete public health sense to prepare them to manage the experience, social norms preclude discussing sexual relationships or providing sexual and reproductive health and family planning information to them. Social conditions under which sexual activity is deemed “unacceptable” do not excuse States from fulfilling their obligations and commitment to public health. Governments alone cannot change discriminatory attitudes and norms about sex. However, they can structure and coordinate processes that mitigate social barriers to access, build capacities of marginalized groups to exercise their rights and provide these persons with adequate 46 CHAPTER 3: CHALLENGES IN EXTENDING ACCESS TO EVERYONE
information and services, including comprehensive and objective sexuality education. Marginalizing the rights of a number of populations undermines national development goals. These population groups are often the most vulnerable to neglect and discrimination, and in many countries, are those with greatest unmet need. Those whose sexual activity may challenge prevailing social norms and whose access to reliable, quality family planning may be impeded include 1) young people, 2) unmarried people of all ages, 3) males and 4) other marginalized or discriminated against groups. Without integrating family planning policies that promote social inclusion and applying a rights-based framework, institutions responsible for equitable delivery of information and services may systematically neglect the needs of entire segments of their population. 1 Young people Despite the international commitments to remove barriers to family planning for all population groups, research finds that young people’s needs remain largely neglected. The consequence is that the largest generation of young people in history is unable to fully exercise their reproductive rights and prevent unintended pregnancies, mitigate the risks of school dropout, or protect themselves from sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. This reality and its harmful consequences are largely preventable. People younger than 25 years now account for 44 per cent of the world’s total population, and in developing countries, the numbers of children and youth are at all-time highs— 1.6 billion and 1 billion, respectively. Girls aged 10 to 19 alone account for nearly one-fifth of all women of reproductive age (Guttmacher Institute and International Planned Parenthood Federation, 2010; Guttmacher Institute and International Planned Parenthood Federation, 2010a). As these young people mature into adulthood, their political, economic, and sociocultural realities will shape the opportunities and risks they face in planning their childbearing. In many societies, these factors continue to reinforce attitudes and practices that restrict or deter young people from accessing education and services, resources that would empower them with information to choose when they want to become parents. Unmet need is highest among the 300 million adolescent women between the ages of 15 and 19. The risks of childbearing for both mother and infant are highest for adolescent mothers, and intensive efforts are needed to ensure that adolescent rights to sexual and reproductive health information and services, including for protection against sexually transmitted infections and HIV, are respected (UNICEF et al., 2011a). Each day, 2,500 youth, the majority of them female, become newly infected with HIV. Young women, whether married or unmarried, often need the dual protection of a condom plus a modern contraceptive to protect them from both pregnancy and disease. In sub-Saharan Africa and South Central and Southeast Asia, more than 60 per cent of adolescents who wish to avoid a pregnancy have an unmet need for modern contraception. These adolescents who do not use modern contraception or rely on a traditional method account for more than 80 per cent of unintended pregnancies in this age group. A comparative analysis of Demographic and Health Survey data from 40 countries by the Guttmacher Institute found that the proportion of adolescent women who reported discontinuing their method while still in need of contraception ranged from 4 per cent in Morocco to 28 THE STATE OF WORLD POPULATION 2012 47
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14 November 2012 BY CHOICE, NOT BY
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state of world population 2012 BY C
Page 5 and 6: ut many others have to do with econ
Page 7 and 8: t Women who are able to plan their
Page 9 and 10: What are the social and economic be
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER ONE The right to family pla
Page 13 and 14: to—the social, political and econ
Page 15 and 16: 1994 At the International Conferenc
Page 17 and 18: Rights, 2012). The charges had been
Page 19 and 20: health care, which includes family
Page 21 and 22: designing and delivering accessible
Page 23 and 24: use, and reduces unintended pregnan
Page 25 and 26: For UNFPA, the key benefits to impl
Page 27 and 28: CHAPTER TWO Analysing data and tren
Page 29 and 30: through the wealthiest 20 per cent.
Page 31 and 32: pers, advertisements and by word of
Page 33 and 34: cohabitating partner (UNICEF, Offic
Page 35 and 36: methods are several times more effe
Page 37 and 38: Despite the tendency to consolidate
Page 39 and 40: CASE STUDY No-scalpel vasectomy in
Page 41 and 42: contribute to high unmet need (Sing
Page 43 and 44: abortions in the region lead to mor
Page 45 and 46: (as stated in the Convention on the
Page 47 and 48: arriers prevent individuals from ac
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER THREE Challenges in extendi
Page 51 and 52: sources of sexual and reproductive
Page 53 and 54: messages were delivered via a numbe
Page 55: Ricardo, 2005). Moreover, young and
Page 59 and 60: instances of early sexual initiatio
Page 61 and 62: ut conventional family planning mes
Page 63 and 64: Social Affairs, 2009). Data from 15
Page 65 and 66: Many institutions, providers, and c
Page 67 and 68: groups (Maya, Xinka, and Garifuna)
Page 69 and 70: who are living with HIV and are con
Page 71 and 72: Studies suggest that HIV may have a
Page 73 and 74: with a public health challenge (Wor
Page 75 and 76: State-run family planning programme
Page 77 and 78: people in mobile, temporary, and re
Page 79 and 80: systems and civic participation to
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER FOUR The social and economi
Page 83 and 84: t Community education in Caracas, V
Page 85 and 86: Estimates of Total Fertility 2010-2
Page 87 and 88: children, and healthier women also
Page 89 and 90: empirical evidence supporting this
Page 91 and 92: y the 1990s was accompanied by incr
Page 93 and 94: gender equality is much stronger an
Page 95 and 96: substantially, created new opportun
Page 97 and 98: CHAPTER FIVE The costs and savings
Page 99 and 100: Europe; the highest is 64 per cent
Page 101 and 102: Extending access to meet the unmet
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CHAPTER SIX Making the right to fam
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1 Expand the reach of family planni
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ange of rights. Meeting those oblig
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including indigenous and ethnic min
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4 Increase funding for family plann
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Monitoring Monitoring ICPD ICPD Goa
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Monitoring ICPD Goals Demographic -
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Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
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Bibliography Abbasi-Shavazi, Mohamm
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Delivering a world where every preg
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