State of World Population 2012 - Country Page List - UNFPA

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not necessarily associated with a desire to have children. In many instances—absent coercion, exploitation, or violence—it is the human desire for intimacy and relationships that drives sexual behaviour. Young people Even though most of young peoples’ sexual activity takes place in marriage, many young people are sexually active outside of marriage. Sexual initiation is increasingly taking place outside of marriage for adolescent girls, though often with a future husband (McQueston, Silverman and Glassman, 2012; National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, 2005). Declines in age at menarche are likely to contribute to increased reproductive health risks for young women, increasing the number of Number of countries where at least 10 per cent of women and men never marry Number of countries Never-Married, at Least 10% (1970) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 33 41 Women Never-Married, at Least 10% (2000) 31 Men Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2009). World Marriage Data 2008 (POP/DB/Marr/ Rev2008). 49 years between menarche and marriage. Very early intercourse (at age 14 or younger) continues to occur among approximately a third of girls in Bangladesh, Chad, Mali, and Niger (Dixon- Mueller, 2008). The proportion making this transition varies very widely (between 40 and 80 per cent) among sub-Saharan African countries, for example. Boys are much less likely than girls to have sex before age 15 where early, arranged marriage for girls is common. Where it is less common, however, boys in many settings are more likely to be sexually active than girls of the same age. As some researchers have noted, “the shift over time from marital to non-marital sexual initiation may be advantageous for girls’ sexual and reproductive health,” since non-marital sex generally entails less frequent and more often protected sex than occurs in marital relationships (Clark, Bruce and Dude, 2006). Young women and men face different challenges from early adolescence through young adulthood. Most young people do not have consensual sex to prematurely become mothers and fathers. Globally, young people are increasingly delaying marriage. For women, the singulate mean age at marriage (only those who marry before age 50) has increased in 100 of 114 countries with available data since 1970 (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2011b). In many countries, however, earlier introduction to marriage and sex continues to set young women down a path of greater risk for several adverse outcomes. Across several regions, girls remain significantly more likely than their male peers to be married as children and to begin having sex at a young age. While younger women may have sex earlier in their lives, research finds that young men are more likely than their female peers to have sex with someone who is not a 22 CHAPTER 2: ANALYSING DATA AND TRENDS TO UNDERSTAND THE needs
cohabitating partner (UNICEF, Office of the Deputy Director, Policy and Practice, 2011). These details help contextualize family planning data on young people, and tell a more complete picture of why young men are more likely than young women to use condoms. Adults Even though age at first marriage has risen, the majority of women and men eventually marry or live in consensual unions (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2009). As a result, childbearing remains commonplace within legally recognized unions—a reality in alignment with social acceptability in most countries where childbearing should occur between married couples. Recent data highlight, however, how adults’ need for family planning may increasingly arise while they are single, separated, or divorced. Today, adults are spending more time out of marriage compared to previous generations, and their family planning needs reflect these realities. In developing as well as developed countries, the proportion of never-married adults is increasing. Over the last 40 years, the number of countries where at least 10 per cent of women never married (by age 50) has increased from 33 to 41; the number of countries where at least 10 per cent of men do not marry before their 50th birthday increased from 31 to 49. Consensual unions account for an increasing proportion of live-in partnerships, and these partnerships are less stable and more fluid than formal marriages. In Latin America and the Caribbean, over a quarter of women between the ages of 20 and 34 live in consensual unions (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2009). This arrangement is less common in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia where about 10 per cent and 2 per cent of women, respectively, live in consensual unions. Globally, the proportion of adults (between the ages of 35 and 39) who are divorced or separated has risen from 2 per cent to 4 per cent between 1970 and 2000, a trend concentrated in developed countries (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2010). Preferred methods The use of modern methods of family planning has increased in recent years in Eastern Africa, particularly Ethiopia, Malawi and Rwanda, and in Southeast Asia, but there has been no t A Cameroonian home just visited by a community-based family planning counsellor. © UNFPA/Alain Sibenaler THE STATE OF WORLD POPULATION 2012 23
Page 1 and 2: 14 November 2012 BY CHOICE, NOT BY
Page 3 and 4: state of world population 2012 BY C
Page 5 and 6: ut many others have to do with econ
Page 7 and 8: t Women who are able to plan their
Page 9 and 10: What are the social and economic be
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER ONE The right to family pla
Page 13 and 14: to—the social, political and econ
Page 15 and 16: 1994 At the International Conferenc
Page 17 and 18: Rights, 2012). The charges had been
Page 19 and 20: health care, which includes family
Page 21 and 22: designing and delivering accessible
Page 23 and 24: use, and reduces unintended pregnan
Page 25 and 26: For UNFPA, the key benefits to impl
Page 27 and 28: CHAPTER TWO Analysing data and tren
Page 29 and 30: through the wealthiest 20 per cent.
Page 31: pers, advertisements and by word of
Page 35 and 36: methods are several times more effe
Page 37 and 38: Despite the tendency to consolidate
Page 39 and 40: CASE STUDY No-scalpel vasectomy in
Page 41 and 42: contribute to high unmet need (Sing
Page 43 and 44: abortions in the region lead to mor
Page 45 and 46: (as stated in the Convention on the
Page 47 and 48: arriers prevent individuals from ac
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER THREE Challenges in extendi
Page 51 and 52: sources of sexual and reproductive
Page 53 and 54: messages were delivered via a numbe
Page 55 and 56: Ricardo, 2005). Moreover, young and
Page 57 and 58: information and services, including
Page 59 and 60: instances of early sexual initiatio
Page 61 and 62: ut conventional family planning mes
Page 63 and 64: Social Affairs, 2009). Data from 15
Page 65 and 66: Many institutions, providers, and c
Page 67 and 68: groups (Maya, Xinka, and Garifuna)
Page 69 and 70: who are living with HIV and are con
Page 71 and 72: Studies suggest that HIV may have a
Page 73 and 74: with a public health challenge (Wor
Page 75 and 76: State-run family planning programme
Page 77 and 78: people in mobile, temporary, and re
Page 79 and 80: systems and civic participation to
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER FOUR The social and economi
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t Community education in Caracas, V
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Estimates of Total Fertility 2010-2
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children, and healthier women also
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empirical evidence supporting this
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y the 1990s was accompanied by incr
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gender equality is much stronger an
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substantially, created new opportun
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CHAPTER FIVE The costs and savings
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Europe; the highest is 64 per cent
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Extending access to meet the unmet
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“family planning” services ofte
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therapy as an inexpensive preventiv
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CHAPTER SIX Making the right to fam
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1 Expand the reach of family planni
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ange of rights. Meeting those oblig
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including indigenous and ethnic min
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4 Increase funding for family plann
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Monitoring Monitoring ICPD ICPD Goa
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Monitoring ICPD Goals Demographic -
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Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
Page 127 and 128:
Bibliography Abbasi-Shavazi, Mohamm
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Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
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Page 140:
Delivering a world where every preg
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