State of World Population 2012 - Country Page List - UNFPA

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ates, lowest fertility rates, lowest maternal mortality rates and some of the best maternal and child health indicators in the world (Seneviratne and Rajapaksa, 2000). Some of the most rigorous evidence of the effect of fertility decline on improvements in women’s health comes from Matlab, Bangladesh, where a long-term maternal and child-health programme provided doorstep-delivery of contraceptives, pre-natal care, vaccinations, safedelivery kits and a variety of other health services to women in their homes. Over the course of 30 years, the programme not only reduced fertility by about 15 per cent and improved maternal and child mortality rates, but also had a variety of spillover effects on women’s health. Women who were exposed to the programme throughout their reproductive lives experienced increases in their weight, body mass and general health status (Phillips et al., 1988; Muhuri and Preston, 1991; Muhuri, 1995; Muhuri, 1996; Ronsmans and Khlat, 1999; Chowdhury et al., 2007). Studies found that the body-mass index of women who participated in the programme crossed a threshold of 18.5, which is associated with lower mortality risks (World Health Organization, 1995). A recent study argues that a one-point increase in body mass index around this value of 18.5 lowers the hazard of death by 17 per cent (Joshi and Schultz, 2007). Linkages between reproductive health and economic outcomes WOMEN Fewer Births Fewer Risky Births Lower Risks of Mortality Reproductive health services Healthy Pregnancy Safe Delivery CHILDREN Improved Overall Health Increased Life Expectancy Increased Productivity HOUSEHOLD Increased Schooling Increased Income Improved Foetal Health Improved Childhood Health Fewer Childhood Infections Vaccinations Lower Risks of Mortality Improved Cognition Lower Risks of Life-time Illness Lower Dependency Ratio Increased Labour Force Participation 72 CHAPTER 4: THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF FAMILY PLANNING
t Community education in Caracas, Venezuela. ©Panos/Dermot Tatlow The health benefits of family planning are particularly significant for younger women and adolescents. Women ages 15 to 19 are twice as likely to die from maternal causes as older women as a consequence of their physical immaturity and increased risk of obstetric complications such as obstetric fistula (Miller et al., 2005; Raj et al., 2009). By averting early pregnancies, reducing risky pregnancies and reducing the risks of premature mortality or long-term morbidity, improved access to family planning can extend life spans, increase the time horizons for the returns to human capital investments and also enable women to reallocate their time towards other economic activities. One research study found that women in Europe and North America have gone from spending 70 per cent of their adult lives bearing and rearing children before the demographic transition, to spending about 14 per cent of it more recently (Lee, 2003). Impact on schooling In Colombia, the drop in fertility induced by the Profamilia family planning programme was associated with nearly 0.15 more years of schooling (Miller, 2009). In Sri Lanka, the reduction in maternal mortality risk between 1946 and 1953 increased female life expectancy by 1.5 years (approximately 4 per cent), and this increased female literacy among the affected cohorts by 2.5 per cent (one percentage point) and increased years of schooling by 4 per cent (0.17 years) (Jayachandran and Lleras-Muney, 2009). The trade-off between schooling and childbearing is particularly important for adolescents, since childbearing can disrupt education and preparation for the labour force. The relationship THE STATE OF WORLD POPULATION 2012 73
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14 November 2012 BY CHOICE, NOT BY
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state of world population 2012 BY C
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ut many others have to do with econ
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t Women who are able to plan their
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What are the social and economic be
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CHAPTER ONE The right to family pla
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to—the social, political and econ
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1994 At the International Conferenc
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Rights, 2012). The charges had been
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health care, which includes family
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designing and delivering accessible
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use, and reduces unintended pregnan
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For UNFPA, the key benefits to impl
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CHAPTER TWO Analysing data and tren
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through the wealthiest 20 per cent.
Page 31 and 32: pers, advertisements and by word of
Page 33 and 34: cohabitating partner (UNICEF, Offic
Page 35 and 36: methods are several times more effe
Page 37 and 38: Despite the tendency to consolidate
Page 39 and 40: CASE STUDY No-scalpel vasectomy in
Page 41 and 42: contribute to high unmet need (Sing
Page 43 and 44: abortions in the region lead to mor
Page 45 and 46: (as stated in the Convention on the
Page 47 and 48: arriers prevent individuals from ac
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER THREE Challenges in extendi
Page 51 and 52: sources of sexual and reproductive
Page 53 and 54: messages were delivered via a numbe
Page 55 and 56: Ricardo, 2005). Moreover, young and
Page 57 and 58: information and services, including
Page 59 and 60: instances of early sexual initiatio
Page 61 and 62: ut conventional family planning mes
Page 63 and 64: Social Affairs, 2009). Data from 15
Page 65 and 66: Many institutions, providers, and c
Page 67 and 68: groups (Maya, Xinka, and Garifuna)
Page 69 and 70: who are living with HIV and are con
Page 71 and 72: Studies suggest that HIV may have a
Page 73 and 74: with a public health challenge (Wor
Page 75 and 76: State-run family planning programme
Page 77 and 78: people in mobile, temporary, and re
Page 79 and 80: systems and civic participation to
Page 81: CHAPTER FOUR The social and economi
Page 85 and 86: Estimates of Total Fertility 2010-2
Page 87 and 88: children, and healthier women also
Page 89 and 90: empirical evidence supporting this
Page 91 and 92: y the 1990s was accompanied by incr
Page 93 and 94: gender equality is much stronger an
Page 95 and 96: substantially, created new opportun
Page 97 and 98: CHAPTER FIVE The costs and savings
Page 99 and 100: Europe; the highest is 64 per cent
Page 101 and 102: Extending access to meet the unmet
Page 103 and 104: “family planning” services ofte
Page 105 and 106: therapy as an inexpensive preventiv
Page 107 and 108: CHAPTER SIX Making the right to fam
Page 109 and 110: 1 Expand the reach of family planni
Page 111 and 112: ange of rights. Meeting those oblig
Page 113 and 114: including indigenous and ethnic min
Page 115 and 116: 4 Increase funding for family plann
Page 117 and 118: Monitoring Monitoring ICPD ICPD Goa
Page 123 and 124: Monitoring ICPD Goals Demographic -
Page 125 and 126: Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
Page 127 and 128: Bibliography Abbasi-Shavazi, Mohamm
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Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
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Delivering a world where every preg
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