State of World Population 2012 - Country Page List - UNFPA

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t Couple visiting a rural family planning clinic. Mindanao, Philippines. ©Panos/Chris Stowers methods is one challenge; distributing them is another: The majority of international funding for condoms is spent on the procurement of the commodity with relatively little spent on delivery, distribution and administration. CASE STUDY Supplies in Swaziland Access to supplies and their reliable provision are essential to the realization of individuals’ right to family planning. Like many other African countries, Swaziland has experienced stock-outs, making it difficult for people to choose and have confidence in relying on specific contraceptive methods. Reproductive health commodity security programming had focused mainly on the procurement of contraceptives by the government, with poor results. As part of its effort to address high maternal mortality and adolescent pregnancy, Swaziland has invested in reproductive health commodity security. The Ministry of Health strengthened its relationship with civil society and UNFPA by establishing a partnership with the Family Life Association of Swaziland, Management Sciences for Health and UNFPA in 2011 to strengthen programme delivery. Its overall objective was to increase the health system’s effectiveness in ensuring reproductive health commodities through three strategies: National systems were strengthened for reproductive health and commodity security; human resources capacity was strengthened for implementation, monitoring and reporting; and political and financial commitment to reproductive health commodity security were enhanced. By conventional standards, success was achieved through an increase in contraceptive prevalence. Just as important, however, was the increase in the number of facilities offering family planning services and the reliability of those services. Traditional methods of family planning remain popular Traditional methods remain widely used, especially in developing countries. Survey data do not often shed light on why people use traditional rather than modern methods of family planning. Traditional methods include periodic abstinence, withdrawal, lactational amenorrhea (extended breast-feeding) and “folk” practices; thus their effectiveness varies very significantly. Comparative studies across diverse settings confirm that women who use modern methods are much less likely to become pregnant than women who rely on a traditional method (Trussell, 2011). 26 CHAPTER 2: ANALYSING DATA AND TRENDS TO UNDERSTAND THE needs
Despite the tendency to consolidate all traditional methods into a singular category, not all traditional methods are the same. Several countries have good histories with non-modern, traditional methods. For example, withdrawal is a commonly used among educated couples in Iran and Turkey and has been widely used to prevent pregnancy in Sicily and Pakistan (Cottingham, Germain and Hunt, 2012; Erfani, 2010). The Demographic and Health Surveys categorize coitus interruptus as a “totally ineffective folk method,” even though this method is used extensively in a number of countries and is about as effective as condoms (Cottingham, Germain and Hunt, 2012). five married women. Nearly everywhere, women are far more likely to undergo the sterilization procedure than men. In Colombia, for example, where 78 per cent of women are current contraceptive users, nearly a third of all women (31 per cent) have been sterilized, compared with just two per cent of men (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2011). Since desired fertility declines over time, couples married at young ages will stop having children at earlier ages. After reaching their desired fertility, these younger couples may have to avoid unintended pregnancy for up to 25 years, making permanent methods attractive to them. Female methods of family planning more widely used than male methods The ICPD Programme of Action noted as a “high priority… the development of new methods for the regulation of fertility for men,” and called for the involvement of private industry. It urged countries to take special efforts to enhance male involvement and responsibility in family planning (Paragraph 12.14.). Nearly 20 years later, no new male methods have been widely introduced to the public. With few contraceptive options for men, men’s use of family planning has been less than envisioned by the ICPD. Today, even if all traditional methods requiring men’s cooperation (rhythm, withdrawal and others) are counted together with male condoms, male methods account for about 26 per cent of global contraceptive prevalence (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2011). Female sterilization rates far outnumber male rates. Although the decision to permanently end childbearing can be difficult, sterilization is the most commonly used family planning method in the world, relied upon by more than one in ”Although the decision to permanently end childbearing can be difficult, sterilization is the most commonly used family planning method in the world, relied upon by more than one in five married women.” While female sterilization rates are highest in Latin and Central America, ranging as high as 47 per cent in the Dominican Republic, only 14 countries in the world have at least 5 per cent of men who have undergone vasectomy. Male and female sterilization rates are most similar in Australia and New Zealand, where about 15 per cent of both men and women have been sterilized (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2011). Male sterilization exceeds female sterilization in only a handful of countries, most notably in Canada and the United Kingdom, where men are about twice as likely as women to be sterilized. One might infer from the mostly developed countries that vasectomy rates primarily reflect women’s economic power and rights in these countries. Nepal is among the few developing countries where vasectomy rates are above THE STATE OF WORLD POPULATION 2012 27
Page 1 and 2: 14 November 2012 BY CHOICE, NOT BY
Page 3 and 4: state of world population 2012 BY C
Page 5 and 6: ut many others have to do with econ
Page 7 and 8: t Women who are able to plan their
Page 9 and 10: What are the social and economic be
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER ONE The right to family pla
Page 13 and 14: to—the social, political and econ
Page 15 and 16: 1994 At the International Conferenc
Page 17 and 18: Rights, 2012). The charges had been
Page 19 and 20: health care, which includes family
Page 21 and 22: designing and delivering accessible
Page 23 and 24: use, and reduces unintended pregnan
Page 25 and 26: For UNFPA, the key benefits to impl
Page 27 and 28: CHAPTER TWO Analysing data and tren
Page 29 and 30: through the wealthiest 20 per cent.
Page 31 and 32: pers, advertisements and by word of
Page 33 and 34: cohabitating partner (UNICEF, Offic
Page 35: methods are several times more effe
Page 39 and 40: CASE STUDY No-scalpel vasectomy in
Page 41 and 42: contribute to high unmet need (Sing
Page 43 and 44: abortions in the region lead to mor
Page 45 and 46: (as stated in the Convention on the
Page 47 and 48: arriers prevent individuals from ac
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER THREE Challenges in extendi
Page 51 and 52: sources of sexual and reproductive
Page 53 and 54: messages were delivered via a numbe
Page 55 and 56: Ricardo, 2005). Moreover, young and
Page 57 and 58: information and services, including
Page 59 and 60: instances of early sexual initiatio
Page 61 and 62: ut conventional family planning mes
Page 63 and 64: Social Affairs, 2009). Data from 15
Page 65 and 66: Many institutions, providers, and c
Page 67 and 68: groups (Maya, Xinka, and Garifuna)
Page 69 and 70: who are living with HIV and are con
Page 71 and 72: Studies suggest that HIV may have a
Page 73 and 74: with a public health challenge (Wor
Page 75 and 76: State-run family planning programme
Page 77 and 78: people in mobile, temporary, and re
Page 79 and 80: systems and civic participation to
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER FOUR The social and economi
Page 83 and 84: t Community education in Caracas, V
Page 85 and 86: Estimates of Total Fertility 2010-2
Page 87 and 88:
children, and healthier women also
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empirical evidence supporting this
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y the 1990s was accompanied by incr
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gender equality is much stronger an
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substantially, created new opportun
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CHAPTER FIVE The costs and savings
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Europe; the highest is 64 per cent
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Extending access to meet the unmet
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“family planning” services ofte
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therapy as an inexpensive preventiv
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CHAPTER SIX Making the right to fam
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1 Expand the reach of family planni
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ange of rights. Meeting those oblig
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including indigenous and ethnic min
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4 Increase funding for family plann
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Monitoring Monitoring ICPD ICPD Goa
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Page 121 and 122:
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Monitoring ICPD Goals Demographic -
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Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
Page 127 and 128:
Bibliography Abbasi-Shavazi, Mohamm
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Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 140:
Delivering a world where every preg
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