Debt: The First 5000 Years - autonomous learning

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496 INDEX barter systems, types of (continued) "primitive barter," 394n7 Pukhtun people, 33-34, 37 "spot trades," 395n24 swapping objects, 29, 37, 44, 85, 395n16 trucking, 25, 28, 394n7 United States, 24, 394n7 in West Indies, 24 "baseline communism," 97-99, 101, 104 Bataille, Georges, 402n8 Battle of Edessa, 189 Battuta, Ibn, 107, 411n53 Baum, L. Frank, 52-53, 398nn22-24 bazaars, Middle Eastern bargaining in, 103-104 Islamic society and, 278-279 bead money, 60, 336 Bedouins, 136 Begg, David, 23 Belarus, crime in, 109 Bengali people, 347, 349 Bentham, Jeremy, 353 Bentham, Samuel, 353 Bernanke, Ben, 364 Berndt, Ronald, 30 Bible on coveting and adultery, 129, 409n8 on debt and redemption, 75, SG-87, 403n25 Exodus, 82, 283, 403n27, 409n8 forgiveness, concept of in, 84, 403n25 freedom, concept of in, 82 Genesis, 177 on honoring debts, 166 hospitality values in, 405n22 Jubilee, Law of, 2, 82, 390, 403n20 language of debt in, 75, 84, 403n25, 404n3 1 Leviticus, 82, 402n15, 403n20, 419n77 Matthew, 442n158 on patriarchy, 177 on prostitution, 183, 417n51 Ten Commandments, 129, 409n8 biblical concepts Deuteronomy, 82, 87, 285, 287, 323, 402n17, 403n20, 409n8, 445n28 See also Christianity Bierce, Ambrose, 424nl Bight of Biafra, 150, 411n55 bills of exchange, European Islamic inspiration for, 292, 440n129 overview, 291-292, 440n130 bimetallism, 52, 397-398n21, 397n21 bin Ladin, Osama, 451n11 birth, as debt, 58 Blackburn, Robin, 224n3 Black Death, 308 Blanc, Louis, 404n9 Blaxter, Lorraine, 119 Bloch, Marc, 110, 406n40 blood brothers, 100, 116 blood debts in Greece, 420n84 Lele people and, 137-144, 145 See also life-debts; unpayable debts blood-feuds, 60, 101, 133-134, 158, 409n16 mourning war and, 136, 410n22 bloodwealth, 133, 135-136 vs. wergeld, 133, 173, 417n57 Bodin, Jean, 329-330 Boesoou (sculptor), 243, 247 Bohannan, Laura, 104, 146 Bohannan, Paul, 36, 146, 409n13, 410n43 Bolivia as debtor nation, 5 loans to dictators in, 16 Boltanski, Luc, 398n30 bonded workers, 265 "bond-friends," 100 See also blood brothers bondmaids (cumal), 61, 128 See also cumals bonds, government debt, 338-340, 445 bookkeeping, 278, 331, 431n4, 445n29 interest and, 331 Book of the Eskimo (Freuchen), 79, 115- 116, 117, 119, 402n13, 407n48 Bosman, William, 154 Bourdieu, Pierre, 106, 277, 437n76 Bourgeois, Leon, 401n62 bourgeois ideology, Nietzsche on, 78, 402n8, 448n83 Brahamanic doctrine on freedom, concept of, 68 on moneylending, 9 overview, 56-57, 67--68, 80 primordial debt theory and, 56-57
INDEX 497 on "redemption," 80-8 1 Rig Veda, 43, 56, 408n3 Satapatha Brahmana, 43, 399nn33-37 Tattiriya Sarphita, 399n-37 See also Vedas Brahims, duties of, 255 brass, as currency, 154, 411n54 Braude(, Ferdinand, 260, 440n 129, 445n29 Braudelians (world systems), 433n28, 451n6 Brazil, Nambikwara people, 29-30, 32- 33, 35, 127, 410n22 Bretton Woods II, 452n19 See also treasury bonds, U.S. bridewealth in China, 185, 417n54 dowries, 179, 415n35 as form of slavery, 409n10 honor price, 171-176, 414n14, 414n19, 415n26 Mesopotamian bride payments, 179- 180, 415-416nn35-41 origins of money and, 13 1 overview, 13 1-132, 131-133, 135, 138, 179-180, 409n10 prostitution as dowry, 185-186, 417n55 terhatum (bride payment), 179 as unpayable debt, 132-133 vs. "bride price," 13 1, 409n10 "wife sales," 180, 416n42 See also honor price Britain. See England British capitalism, 343-345, 351-352, 449n87 Bronze Age, 210-220, 232, 426n7 bronze coins, 230, 427n26 Bryan, William Jennings, 52-53 bubbles, financial, 341-342, 347-358, 360 Bucher, Karl, 394-395n14, 401n5 Budda, 223 Buddhism absolute liberation in, 266 ahimsa, principles of, 234, 255 Asoka and, 234-235, 249, 252-253 in Axial Age, 224 Chinese Buddhism, 19, 261-271 debt, duty to repay, 266-267 Dharma, 261, 265, 268 eternity, beliefs about, 254, 432n7 in India, 234-235, 249, 252-253, 428n41 Indian Buddhism, 234-235, 262, 428n41 jisa, custom of, 432n8 Mahayana doctrine, 241, 265-266, 266, 268, 433-434n35 on markets and humanity, 80, 402n14 moneylending and, 11-12 mothers in, 264-268 sangha (Buddhist monasteries), 250 self, illusionary nature of, 262, 433- 434n35 on slavery, 233, 428n36 women in, 265-268, 434n44, 434n47 See also Vedas Buddhist monks coins, melting of, 266 restrictions on, 264 bullae (bullion), 214 Bulliet, Richard W., 435n60 bullion in capitalism, 214 defined, 211 domination of, 18 in Middle Ages, 214 return to after Middle Ages, 308-309 See also gold and silver "bullion famines," 309, 443n3 Bush, George W., 451n14 tax cuts, 450n110 Bush, Neil, 127-128, 129, 424n1 Buwei, Lii, 230-240 Byzantium empire, 271-272, 308 c Caesar, Julius, 418-419n73 Cahorsins family, 289, 440n121 Calabar, slave trade in, 149-153, 411n60 calculation, commercial, 331-332, 386- 387 Caliphate, 169, 272-275, 303 conversion to Islam by, 436n66 market populism and, 453n32 support for, 435-436n60 Calvin, John, 322-323 Calvinism, 3 16, 322-323, 446n46 Camelot, 293, 441n137 camwood money, 138, 142-144, 159 cannibalism, 147, 349, 411n52, 449n95
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DEBT
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© 2011 David Graeber First Melvill
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Chapter One ON THE EXPERIENCE OF MO
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ON THE EXPERIENCE OF MORAL CONFUSIO
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ON THE EXPERIENCE OF MORAL CONFU.S
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ON THE EX PERIEN CE OF MORAL CONFUS
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22 DEBT that there is something ver
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24 DEBT can make them both happier.
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26 DEBT so many examples, we have a
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28 DEBT "The economy" is where we i
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30 DEBT aside their weapons to sing
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32 DEBT Then visltlng men of one mo
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34 DEBT palm off the faulty object
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36 DEBT The message is conveyed, an
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38 DEBT In the early days of the Ne
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40 DEBT independently) were among t
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Chapter Three PRIMORDIAL DEBTS In b
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 45 barter systems.
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 47 circulating aro
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 49 Modern banknote
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 51 language of the
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 53 families such a
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 55 Neither was Key
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 57 Sacrifice (and
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 59 For instance, I
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 61 abundantly clea
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 63 interest-bearin
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 65 were in financi
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 67 pay a debt to s
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 69 be possible to
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 71 The problem is
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74 DEBT Persian government probably
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76 DEBT To illustrate, let me call
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78 DEBT In other words, for Nietzsc
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80 DEBT to think about our relation
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82 DEBT slate" edict-having himself
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84 DEBT humans-in this particular c
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86 DEBT It's particularly striking
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Chapter Five A BRIEF TREATISE ON TH
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THE MORAL GROUNDS OF ECONOMIC RELA
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THE MORAL GROUNDS OF ECONOMIC RELAT
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THE MORAL GROUNDS OF ECONOMIC RELAT
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Chapter Six GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 12 9 off
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 13 1 Mone
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 13 3 more
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 13 5 a fi
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 13 7 Bloo
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 13 9 whil
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 14 1 you:
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEATH 14 3 affai
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 14 5 This
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 14 7 pres
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEATH 14 9 into
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEATH 15 1 On ar
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEATH 153 always
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 15 5 chai
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 157 dream
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 159 the c
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEATH 161 Anthro
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 16 3 I me
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Chapter Seven HONOR AND DEGRADATI O
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HONOR AND DEGRADAT ION 16 7 Readers
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 169 eliminate
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HONOR AND DEGRADA TION 171 all know
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 17 3 sacrosan
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 17 5 her fath
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HONOR AND DEGRADAT ION 17 7 The wor
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HONOR AND DEGRADAT I ON 17 9 scale
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 18 1 The most
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 18 3 to which
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HONOR AND DEGRADA TION 18 5 that th
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HONOR AND DEGRADA TION 18 7 Greek c
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 18 9 imaginar
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 19 1 hierarch
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HO NOR AND DEGRADATION 19 3 day the
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HONO R AND DEGRA DATION 195 enforce
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HO NO R AND DEGRADATION 197 succeed
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HONO R AND DEGRADAT IO N 199 that i
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HONOR AND DEGRADA TION 201 or "hous
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 203 century A
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HONOR AND DEGRADA TION 205 noble cl
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 207 ourselves
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 209 lifted fr
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Chapter Eight CREDIT VERSUS BULLION
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CREDIT VE R SUS BULL I ON 213 From
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CREDIT VE RSUS BULLION 215 could ci
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CREDIT VERSUS BULLION 217 abolished
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CREDIT VE RSUS BULL I ON 219 By the
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CREDIT VE R SUS BULLION 221 Other v
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224 DEBT with ascetics and sages fl
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226 DEBT to say; it was removed fro
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228 DEBT Carthage lasted longer, bu
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230 DEBT invading army; and ancient
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232 DEBT So that they laugh at thos
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234 DEBT brought under government c
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236 DEBT and peasant leader named L
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238 DEBT appear in all the same tim
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240 DEBT Lti adopted the prince's c
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242 DEBT His conclusion: if one cou
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244 DEBT Once, waiting to assess th
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246 DEBT fees, or legal penalties.
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248 DEBT supreme being, or whether
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250 DEBT As for the religious movem
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252 DEBT abandoned and the economy
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254 DEBT ends by saying that this w
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256 DEBT Hindu temples alone must h
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258 DEBT China: Buddhism and the Ec
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260 DEBT "the market"-owing to the
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262 DEBT of the illusory nature of
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264 DEBT act of breastfeeding, the
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266 DEBT so large, and so rich, adm
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268 DEBT (Mothers, and caregiving w
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270 DEBT promissory notes, as well
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272 DEBT in exactly the same situat
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274 DEBT that those coins be render
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276 DEBT About 900 a great man paid
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278 DEBT book-keeping along with se
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280 DEBT are realized, and the succ
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282 DEBT Much of our free-market do
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284 DEBT give in to his entreaties.
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286 DEBT hope in recovering it, a l
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288 DEBT this regard. They insisted
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290 DEBT usually held that a mercha
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292 DEBT most famous for their comp
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294 DEBT out of trouble, as it were
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296 DEBT sublimated, romanticized i
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298 DEBT We can see the same tensio
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300 DEBT intellectual problem of th
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302 DEBT the left and right (someti
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304 DEBT effectively risk-free inve
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Chapter Eleven AGE OF THE GREAT CAP
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AGE OF THE GREAT CAPITALIST EMPIRES
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AG E OF THE GREAT CAPITALIST EMPIRE
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Chapter Twelve (1971-The Beginning
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 363 som
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 365 whi
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 367 val
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(1971-THE BEGINNING ... ) 369 of th
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 371 CHI
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 373 of
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(1971-THE BEGINNING ... ) 375 with
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 377 aro
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 379 red
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 381 epi
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 383 In
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 385 man
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 387 tru
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 389 tha
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 391 pri
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394 NOTES law in 18oo foundered; th
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396 NOTES people will continue to c
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398 NOTES resistance. The bi-metall
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400 NOTES In the case of the oldest
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402 NOTES 8. As I remarked earlier,
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404 NOTES brother charges another"
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406 NOTES business deal that appear
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408 NOTES 6r. This is one reason wh
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410 NOTES 22. On mourning war: Rich
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412 NOTES information on whether in
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414 NOTES not on the institution, w
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416 NOTES appear to have been made
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418 NOTES arbitrarily abused, but b
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420 NOTES over-lavish-generosity (s
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422 NOTES (198o:143; see Saller 198
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424 NOTES their neighborhood ignol'
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426 NOTES 3· Or, if one must be ev
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428 NOTES and employees" (ibid:205)
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430 NOTES only understands what is
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432 NOTES witnesses; how a surety o
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434 NOTES did believe in an endurin
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436 NOTES that the main effect of m
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438 NOTES to the merchant, but a di
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440 NOTES 121. It was a firm from C
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442 NOTES 149. Later still, as cash
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444 NOTES 5· Chinese historians co
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Page 460 and 461: 452 NOTES 18. See dailybail.com/hom
Page 463 and 464: BIBLIOGRAPHY Abraham, Roy Clive. 19
Page 465 and 466: BIBLIOGRAPHY 457 ---. 20or. Hacksil
Page 467 and 468: BIBLIOGRAPHY 459 ---. 1992. Everyda
Page 469 and 470: BIBLIOGRAPHY 461 Clavero, Bartolome
Page 471 and 472: BIBLIOGRAPHY 463 Douglas, Mary. 195
Page 473 and 474: BIBLIOGRAPHY 465 Federal Reserve Ba
Page 475 and 476: BIBLIOGRAPHY 467 ---. 2ooo. "The Ec
Page 477 and 478: BIBLIOGRAPHY 469 Grosz, Katarzyna.
Page 479 and 480: BIBLIOGRAPHY 471 Hopkins, Keith. 19
Page 481 and 482: BIBLIOGRAPHY 473 Jevons, W. Stanley
Page 483 and 484: BIBLIOGRAPHY 475 ---. 2.005. "The A
Page 485 and 486: BIBLIOGRAPHY 477 Littlefield, Henry
Page 487 and 488: BIBLIOGRAPHY 479 Miller, Joseph. 19
Page 489 and 490: BIBLIOGRAPHY 481 ---. 2005. Manu's
Page 491 and 492: BIBLIOGRAPHY 483 Puett, Michael J.
Page 493 and 494: BIBLIOGRAPHY 485 ---. 2007. "The Mo
Page 495 and 496: BIBLIOGRAPHY 487 ---. 1990. Road to
Page 497 and 498: BIBLIOGRAPHY 489 Uebach, Helga. 2oo
Page 499 and 500: BIBLIOGRAPHY 491 Whitaker, C. W. A.
Page 501 and 502: INDEX A Abbasid Caliphate, 169, 272
Page 503: INDEX 495 Bank of England creation
Page 507 and 508: INDEX 499 Charlemagne, King, 48-51
Page 509 and 510: INDEX 501 sous, French, 48, 395n28,
Page 511 and 512: INDEX 503 Da Republica (Bodin), 329
Page 513 and 514: INDEX 505 Die Wibelungen (Wagner),
Page 515 and 516: INDEX 507 market economies, emergen
Page 517 and 518: INDEX 509 G Gabon, 16 Galey, Jean-C
Page 519 and 520: INDEX 511 Greek elemental system, 2
Page 521 and 522: INDEX 513 "hundred schools" of phil
Page 523 and 524: INDEX 515 princes proverb in, 273,
Page 525 and 526: INDEX 517 societal hierarchies in,
Page 527 and 528: INDEX 519 merchants in Christrianit
Page 529 and 530: INDEX 521 negative views of, 290, 4
Page 531 and 532: INDEX 523 pawns/pawnship debt pawns
Page 533 and 534: INDEX 525 pseudo-Dionysius, 442n155
Page 535 and 536: INDEX 527 Seaford, Richard, 244-247
Page 537 and 538: INDEX 529 capitalism and, 379 langu
Page 539 and 540: INDEX 531 Testart, Alain, 409n6, 41
Page 541 and 542: INDEX 533 feast, gift exchange and,
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