Debt: The First 5000 Years - autonomous learning

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498 INDEX capital as credit in Islam, 271-282 investment capital, origins of, 19 social capital, 380 "symbolic capital,", 437n76 capitale (capital), 445n29 capitalism access to, 383 British capitalism, 343-345, 351-352, 449n87 bullion in, 214 changes to, ideas about, 373-375, 383-384 in China, 260, 434n42 current practices, 375-383 debt chain/debt trap and, 53, 155, 347, 349 defined, 260 dehumanization in, 80, 194-195, 267, 347, 354 democracy and, 17 financial crisis of 2008, 15-17 financial innovations and, 15-17, 347- 348, 376, 393n11 flaws of, 387-390 future of, 359-360, 377-378, 381-383 gambling and, 357-358 global effects of, 390 growth, need for in, 346, 380 historical views of, 351 history's effect on, 3 19-320 Marx on, 351, 359, 453n32 in medieval Europe, 434n42 merchant capitalism, 29Q-291, 440n126 militarization and, 346, 382 neoliberalism, 376, 453n32 origins of, 332 overview, 345-355, 449nn88-104 poverty and, 388-389 prosperity and, 348-349 protests against, 382, 452n35 religious ideologies, influence on, 377- 379, 453n28 slave trade and, 349-352, 385 supply-side economics, 377 supporters of, 388 trading and, 346-347 utopian models for, 354-355 vs. communism, 95-96, 404nn9-11 wage labor and, 345, 349-353, 449n88 war and, 346-347, 385 See also free-market ideologies; interest "capitalist," defined, 358-359 Carolingian empire derniers in, 292 "imaginary money" in, 37, 383, 495n28 slavery in, 424n2 Carreta, <strong>The</strong> (Traven), 307 Carthage, 227-228, 229 Case, Karle E., 22 cashless economy, modern, 368 Casimir, Margrave, 323-326, 336, 350, 445nn36-37 Castello, F rancesch, 338 caste systems hierarchy and, 111, 432n19 in India, 255-257, 432n12 inequality in, 257 vs. slavery, 86 Cataline's conspiracy, 427n28 Catholicism Augustinian traditions, 332, 430n69, 443n168, 446n59 on English festive life, 309 on moneylending, 10, 283-285 Positivism and, 69-70 on societal interactions, 441n147 See also Christianity cattle as currency, 59-60, 61, 128, 410n40 Celtic societies. See Ireland central banks creation of, 364 money, creation of and, 397n21 state-supported central banks, 45, 397n10 in Sweden, 45 U.S. dollars and, 363, 366-367, 451n12 U.S. inflation and, 452n18 See also Federal Reserve Bank Cephalus, 400n48 ceremonial barter, 3Q-33, 35, 127, 395n18, 395n21, 415n31 Chapman, Anne, 395n16 charisma (Tsav), 147 charity Christian charity, 283-287 reciprocity and, 109-111, 406n38
INDEX 499 Charlemagne, King, 48-51 Charles V, King, 319 Chartalism, 47--48, 50, 54, 258, 340, 397n11, 400n56 See also debt-token systems "charta) money," 430n74 charta (token), 47 Chase Bank, 2 chastity, honor and, 177-182, 415n31 chattel slavery in China, 236, 428n46 elimination of, 211-212 in Greece, 187, 417n59 in India, 256 See also slavery Chaucer, Geoffrey, 330, 446n53 Chaudhuri, K.N., 437n77 checks, 275-276, 437n71 Chicago, industrialization in, 359 children, debt to parents of, 92, 94, 404n6, 405n21 milk-debts, 264-265, 267-268, 302, 312, 434n38 "Children of God." See Aro Confederacy child-selling in the Americas, 314 in China, 221, 425n32 daughters sold to pay loans, 9, 14, 85, 128-129, 403n27, 409n7, 417n17 fathers' rights to, 129, 436n67 in India, 256-257 kidnapping for slavery, 154, 168-169 morality of, 414n5 "natural law" for, 436n67 into slavery, 8, 129, 154, 168, 412n28, 412n78, 414n5 Chile, national liberation movements in, 374 China chattel slavery in, 187, 417n59 cheap goods from, 390 coins, origins of, 87, 212, 219-221, 224n4, 225, 400n56, 425nn23-30, 426n8 communism in, 94 Confucianism in, 224, 248-249, 261, 417n53 cosmological speculation in, 224, 243-244 dominance of, 369 existential debt in, beliefs about, 399n35, 400n48 gold and silver in, 31D-3 12, 444nn5-9 inflation in, 270 market populism in, 453n32 materialism and substance, 247-250 patriarchal honor in, 178 peasant rebellions in, 258-259, 433nn2D-21 population increases in, 311, 444n5 slavery in, 259, 422n107, 444n12 social currency in, 219 China, monetary systems in ancient currency in, 74-75 Axial Age, 235-237 brideprice in, 185, 417n54 capitalism in, 260, 434n42 Chartalism, 47, 258, 400n56 child-selling in, 221, 425n32 commercial loans in, 259, 432n24 credit for peasants, 235, 428n43 credit systems in, 219-221, 269-270, 425n25, 425n28, 428n43, 435n54 currency in, 236, 428n47 debt, duty to repay, 432n17, 435nn48-52 debt bondage in, 185 interest rates, regulation of in, 259, 432n26 Legalists, School of, 240, 429n55, 435n59 loans, 269, 435nn48-53 materialism for profit, 239-242, 429n55 Middle Ages, 258-271, 297 monetary theory in, 258 paper money, abandonment of, 309- 313, 338, 436n63 paper money in, 270, 309-313, 338, 435n55, 436n63 promissory notes in, 269-270, 435n54 taxes in, 269, 310, 313, 400n52 tax reforms in, 444n6 tribute systems in, 371-372 U.S. debt monetization and, 6, 371- 372, 452nn18-19 Chinese Buddhism, 261-266 debt and, 258-271 investment capital, origins of, 19 women in, 265-266, 434n44, 434n47 See also Buddhism
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DEBT
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© 2011 David Graeber First Melvill
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Chapter One ON THE EXPERIENCE OF MO
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ON THE EXPERIENCE OF MORAL CONFUSIO
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ON THE EXPERIENCE OF MORAL CONFU.S
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ON THE EX PERIEN CE OF MORAL CONFUS
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22 DEBT that there is something ver
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24 DEBT can make them both happier.
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26 DEBT so many examples, we have a
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28 DEBT "The economy" is where we i
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30 DEBT aside their weapons to sing
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32 DEBT Then visltlng men of one mo
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34 DEBT palm off the faulty object
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36 DEBT The message is conveyed, an
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38 DEBT In the early days of the Ne
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40 DEBT independently) were among t
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Chapter Three PRIMORDIAL DEBTS In b
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 45 barter systems.
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 47 circulating aro
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 49 Modern banknote
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 51 language of the
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 53 families such a
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 55 Neither was Key
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 57 Sacrifice (and
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 59 For instance, I
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 61 abundantly clea
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 63 interest-bearin
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 65 were in financi
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 67 pay a debt to s
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 69 be possible to
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 71 The problem is
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74 DEBT Persian government probably
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76 DEBT To illustrate, let me call
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78 DEBT In other words, for Nietzsc
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80 DEBT to think about our relation
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82 DEBT slate" edict-having himself
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84 DEBT humans-in this particular c
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86 DEBT It's particularly striking
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Chapter Five A BRIEF TREATISE ON TH
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THE MORAL GROUNDS OF ECONOMIC RELA
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THE MORAL GROUNDS OF ECONOMIC RELAT
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THE MORAL GROUNDS OF ECONOMIC RELAT
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Chapter Six GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 12 9 off
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 13 1 Mone
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 13 3 more
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 13 5 a fi
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 13 7 Bloo
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 13 9 whil
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 14 1 you:
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEATH 14 3 affai
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 14 5 This
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 14 7 pres
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEATH 14 9 into
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEATH 15 1 On ar
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEATH 153 always
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 15 5 chai
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 157 dream
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 159 the c
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEATH 161 Anthro
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 16 3 I me
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Chapter Seven HONOR AND DEGRADATI O
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HONOR AND DEGRADAT ION 16 7 Readers
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 169 eliminate
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HONOR AND DEGRADA TION 171 all know
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 17 3 sacrosan
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 17 5 her fath
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HONOR AND DEGRADAT ION 17 7 The wor
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HONOR AND DEGRADAT I ON 17 9 scale
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 18 1 The most
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 18 3 to which
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HONOR AND DEGRADA TION 18 5 that th
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HONOR AND DEGRADA TION 18 7 Greek c
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 18 9 imaginar
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 19 1 hierarch
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HO NOR AND DEGRADATION 19 3 day the
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HONO R AND DEGRA DATION 195 enforce
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HO NO R AND DEGRADATION 197 succeed
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HONO R AND DEGRADAT IO N 199 that i
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HONOR AND DEGRADA TION 201 or "hous
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 203 century A
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HONOR AND DEGRADA TION 205 noble cl
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 207 ourselves
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 209 lifted fr
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Chapter Eight CREDIT VERSUS BULLION
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CREDIT VE R SUS BULL I ON 213 From
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CREDIT VE RSUS BULLION 215 could ci
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CREDIT VERSUS BULLION 217 abolished
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CREDIT VE RSUS BULL I ON 219 By the
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CREDIT VE R SUS BULLION 221 Other v
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224 DEBT with ascetics and sages fl
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226 DEBT to say; it was removed fro
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228 DEBT Carthage lasted longer, bu
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230 DEBT invading army; and ancient
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232 DEBT So that they laugh at thos
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234 DEBT brought under government c
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236 DEBT and peasant leader named L
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238 DEBT appear in all the same tim
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240 DEBT Lti adopted the prince's c
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242 DEBT His conclusion: if one cou
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244 DEBT Once, waiting to assess th
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246 DEBT fees, or legal penalties.
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248 DEBT supreme being, or whether
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250 DEBT As for the religious movem
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252 DEBT abandoned and the economy
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254 DEBT ends by saying that this w
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256 DEBT Hindu temples alone must h
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258 DEBT China: Buddhism and the Ec
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260 DEBT "the market"-owing to the
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262 DEBT of the illusory nature of
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264 DEBT act of breastfeeding, the
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266 DEBT so large, and so rich, adm
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268 DEBT (Mothers, and caregiving w
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270 DEBT promissory notes, as well
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272 DEBT in exactly the same situat
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274 DEBT that those coins be render
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276 DEBT About 900 a great man paid
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278 DEBT book-keeping along with se
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280 DEBT are realized, and the succ
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282 DEBT Much of our free-market do
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284 DEBT give in to his entreaties.
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286 DEBT hope in recovering it, a l
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288 DEBT this regard. They insisted
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290 DEBT usually held that a mercha
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292 DEBT most famous for their comp
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294 DEBT out of trouble, as it were
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296 DEBT sublimated, romanticized i
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298 DEBT We can see the same tensio
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300 DEBT intellectual problem of th
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302 DEBT the left and right (someti
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304 DEBT effectively risk-free inve
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Chapter Eleven AGE OF THE GREAT CAP
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AGE OF THE GREAT CAPITALIST EMPIRES
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AG E OF THE GREAT CAPITALIST EMPIRE
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Chapter Twelve (1971-The Beginning
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 363 som
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 365 whi
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 367 val
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(1971-THE BEGINNING ... ) 369 of th
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 371 CHI
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 373 of
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(1971-THE BEGINNING ... ) 375 with
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 377 aro
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 379 red
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 381 epi
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 383 In
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 385 man
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 387 tru
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 389 tha
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 391 pri
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394 NOTES law in 18oo foundered; th
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396 NOTES people will continue to c
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398 NOTES resistance. The bi-metall
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400 NOTES In the case of the oldest
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402 NOTES 8. As I remarked earlier,
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404 NOTES brother charges another"
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406 NOTES business deal that appear
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408 NOTES 6r. This is one reason wh
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410 NOTES 22. On mourning war: Rich
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412 NOTES information on whether in
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414 NOTES not on the institution, w
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416 NOTES appear to have been made
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418 NOTES arbitrarily abused, but b
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420 NOTES over-lavish-generosity (s
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422 NOTES (198o:143; see Saller 198
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424 NOTES their neighborhood ignol'
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426 NOTES 3· Or, if one must be ev
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428 NOTES and employees" (ibid:205)
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430 NOTES only understands what is
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432 NOTES witnesses; how a surety o
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434 NOTES did believe in an endurin
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436 NOTES that the main effect of m
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438 NOTES to the merchant, but a di
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440 NOTES 121. It was a firm from C
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442 NOTES 149. Later still, as cash
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444 NOTES 5· Chinese historians co
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446 NOTES 43· Gold and silver were
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Page 458 and 459: 450 NOTES 106. Usually in order to
Page 460 and 461: 452 NOTES 18. See dailybail.com/hom
Page 463 and 464: BIBLIOGRAPHY Abraham, Roy Clive. 19
Page 465 and 466: BIBLIOGRAPHY 457 ---. 20or. Hacksil
Page 467 and 468: BIBLIOGRAPHY 459 ---. 1992. Everyda
Page 469 and 470: BIBLIOGRAPHY 461 Clavero, Bartolome
Page 471 and 472: BIBLIOGRAPHY 463 Douglas, Mary. 195
Page 473 and 474: BIBLIOGRAPHY 465 Federal Reserve Ba
Page 475 and 476: BIBLIOGRAPHY 467 ---. 2ooo. "The Ec
Page 477 and 478: BIBLIOGRAPHY 469 Grosz, Katarzyna.
Page 479 and 480: BIBLIOGRAPHY 471 Hopkins, Keith. 19
Page 481 and 482: BIBLIOGRAPHY 473 Jevons, W. Stanley
Page 483 and 484: BIBLIOGRAPHY 475 ---. 2.005. "The A
Page 485 and 486: BIBLIOGRAPHY 477 Littlefield, Henry
Page 487 and 488: BIBLIOGRAPHY 479 Miller, Joseph. 19
Page 489 and 490: BIBLIOGRAPHY 481 ---. 2005. Manu's
Page 491 and 492: BIBLIOGRAPHY 483 Puett, Michael J.
Page 493 and 494: BIBLIOGRAPHY 485 ---. 2007. "The Mo
Page 495 and 496: BIBLIOGRAPHY 487 ---. 1990. Road to
Page 497 and 498: BIBLIOGRAPHY 489 Uebach, Helga. 2oo
Page 499 and 500: BIBLIOGRAPHY 491 Whitaker, C. W. A.
Page 501 and 502: INDEX A Abbasid Caliphate, 169, 272
Page 503 and 504: INDEX 495 Bank of England creation
Page 505: INDEX 497 on "redemption," 80-8 1 R
Page 509 and 510: INDEX 501 sous, French, 48, 395n28,
Page 511 and 512: INDEX 503 Da Republica (Bodin), 329
Page 513 and 514: INDEX 505 Die Wibelungen (Wagner),
Page 515 and 516: INDEX 507 market economies, emergen
Page 517 and 518: INDEX 509 G Gabon, 16 Galey, Jean-C
Page 519 and 520: INDEX 511 Greek elemental system, 2
Page 521 and 522: INDEX 513 "hundred schools" of phil
Page 523 and 524: INDEX 515 princes proverb in, 273,
Page 525 and 526: INDEX 517 societal hierarchies in,
Page 527 and 528: INDEX 519 merchants in Christrianit
Page 529 and 530: INDEX 521 negative views of, 290, 4
Page 531 and 532: INDEX 523 pawns/pawnship debt pawns
Page 533 and 534: INDEX 525 pseudo-Dionysius, 442n155
Page 535 and 536: INDEX 527 Seaford, Richard, 244-247
Page 537 and 538: INDEX 529 capitalism and, 379 langu
Page 539 and 540: INDEX 531 Testart, Alain, 409n6, 41
Page 541 and 542: INDEX 533 feast, gift exchange and,
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