Debt: The First 5000 Years - autonomous learning

502 INDEX
cooper bars, as currency, 150
copper, 27
copper bars, as currency, 150, 152,
4llnn53-54
corporations
bailouts for, 16-17, 381, 393nll
"fictive person" (persona ficta), 304,
443n170
in India, 346
joint-stock companies, 292, 305, 320,
342, 347, 449n88
legal idea of, 304
legal recognition of, 304-306, 443n170
medieval corporations, 303-305
motives of, 368
start-up companies, 347
structure of, 320
corpus intellectuale (intellectual body), 304
Cortes, Hernan, 309, 3 16--317, 32D--321,
325-326, 355-357, 444n20
coveting, biblical view of, 409n8
Coward, Henry, 328, 334
cowries, 60, 13 1, 220, 225, 425n25,
425n26
credit, as human right, 38D--381
credit, as meaning "reputation," 328
credit, economic history and, 38-40
credit-card companies, 367, 452n25
credit cards
creation of, 367-368
debit cards, 367
interest charged by, 379, 453n3 1
offers for, 380
credit money. See virtual money
credit money system, U.S. dollar and,
361-362
creditors, societal views of, 388
credit systems
checks and promissory notes, 269-
270, 275-276, 435n54, 437n71
debit and credit cards, 367
as extension of human society, 33D--33 1
Inca khipu system, 220, 425n28
microcredit, 379-381
Muslim suftaja, 201, 276, 291, 437n81
negative views of, 335, 447n66
private bank notes, 338, 448n75,
449n102
proverbs about, 326
shopkeepers and, 352
tally sticks, 48, 268, 396n37, 397n16,
425n26, 435nn48-53, 442n161
trust in, 73, 328-329, 337, 34D--341,
347
utopian ideals about, 335-336
vs. coins/coinage, 40, 213
See also interest-bearing loans; virtual
money
credit systems, origins of
ancient systems, 18, 37-38
in China, 219-221, 269-270, 425n25,
425n28, 428n43, 435n54
destruction of ancient systems and,
327
in Greece, 23 1
in India, 255-257
in Mesopotamia, 214-2 17
in Middle East, 215, 275-277, 424n9,
436-437nn68-74
Credit Theory of money, 46--52
credtit trap, 453n32
Creed, the (symbol), 442n154
crime
debt-default as, 17, 329
gift by stealth, 109-1 11
hierarchy and, 109-111
redemption and exchange, 19
societal debt of criminals, 121-122
criminalization, as debt, 334, 446n60
criminals, punishments for, 435n59
"crisis," etymology of, 177
Critique of the Gotha Programme
(Marx), 404n9
Cross River societies. See merchant societies,
slave trade
Crusades, 291, 3 18
"crying down/crying up," 282, 337,
438n95, 440n130
Cuba, communism in, 94
cumals, 171, 173, 408nn3-4, 414n14,
414n21, 415n25
bondmaids, 61, 128
cuneiform documents, Mesopotamian,
_
38, 54
currency. See coinage; coins/coinage; currency;
money; primitive money
D
da Gama, Vasco, 311
Dam, Aswam, 379