Debt: The First 5000 Years - autonomous learning

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506 INDEX economies, types of command economies, 404n10 gift economies, 36, 90, 108 "real economies," 44, 345 stateless economies, 60 See also barter systems; capitalism; human economies; market economies "economy," concept of, 27-28, 44-45 Edward I, King, 205 Efik people, 412n65 egalitarian societies, individualism in, 413n89 Egil (Viking), 118, 407n54 Egypt in Axial Age, 226 coins, origins of, 217-219, 425n22 debt, view of in, 218, 425n18 debt records in, 38 economic history in, 38 existential debt in, beliefs about, 400n48 Greek rule of, 219, 230 interest-bearing loans in, 63, 400n47, 400n56 Islam in, 273, 274 Jewish merchants in, 437n72 mutual aid in, 218 Pharaonic Egypt, 38, 452n52 redemption in, concept of, 82 slavery in, 209 taxes in, 63, 400n52, 452n52 See also Islam; Middle East Egyptian hieroglyphics, 38 Einzig, Paul, 395n24, 399n42, 401n3, 414n14 Ekejiuba, Felicia, 412n67 Ekpe society, 153, 163, 412n70 Elders of Zion, 363 electronic money. See virtual money elemental systems, 244--245, 430n68 Elizabeth, Queen, 333 Elyachar, Julia, 380 empowerment, credit and, 380 Encyclopedia of Taoism, 442nn163 Engels, Friedrich, 395n15, 448n83 England British capitalism, 343-345, 351-352, 449n87 credit money in, 47 debt-token system in, 40, 48, 435n56 economic turmoil in, 309 government monetary control, medieval, 48-51, 397nn15-18 slave trade, involvement in, 150--152 Stuart England, 332, 336, 447n65 "truck system" in, 349, 350, 352, 449n102 Tudor England, 312, 336-337, 447n65 Victorian England, 359 wage labor in, 351-353, 449n99 Enkidu story, 181-182, 183 enlightenment, 297, 359, 438n85 Enmetena, 216, 424n12 Ephesus, 430n72 "epic communism," 95 equality, assumption of in debt, 86-87, 403nn29-30 equality /inequality gift-giving, equality of status and, 106-108.406nn33-34, 120, 122, 408n61 gift-giving and, 122, 408n61 in hierarchial relationships, 100, 115, 119-120, 257, 405n21, 407n57, 407nn-46-48 interest-bearing loans and, 86-87, 403nn29-30 violence as cause for, 113 Equiano, Olaudah, 166-167, 171 eranos loans, 403-404n30 Eskimo people. See Inuit Essenes, 250, 403n28, 43 1n81 eternity, beliefs about Augustianian eternity, 443n168 Buddhist beliefs on, 432n7 euro Germany and, 55-56 global adoption of, 367, 451n14 Europe banking systems in, 291-292, 440nl32 Black Death and, 308 capitalism in, 434n42 Dark Ages in, 60, 211, 252 debt-token system in, 40, 48, 435n56 economic turmoil in, 308-309 hierarchy in, 302 inflation in, 308-309, 3 12-3 13, 339, 443n2 interest-bearing loans in, 440n130 Islam in, 272
INDEX 507 market economies, emergence of, 130 merchant capitalism in, 290-291, 440n126 in Middle Ages, 282-296, 434n42 modern capitalism and, 346 "price revolution" in, 304, 308-309, 3 13, 339, 443n2 silver, lack of in, 311 slavery in Middle Ages in, 292, 439n104, 441n133 slave trade in, 211-212, 224n3 trade in, 292-293, 303 U.S. treasury bonds and, 367 See also specific countries European conquests of Americas, 314-318 of Aztec people, 314-315, 317, 325- 326, 355-357 morality and, 110 Spanish/Portuguese empires, 24, 309- 317, 3 19, 355-356, 440n132 See also conquistadors European war and conquest, . capitalism and, 346-347 euro zone, creation of, 55-56 Evans-Pritchard, E.E., 96-98, 134, 409n10 exchange, morality in impersonal nature of, 103 "mutuality" and, 103 overview, 102-108 exchange, principle of as basis for human function, 25-26, 394n9 effect of violence and origins of, 19 human relations and, 13-14, 18-19, 612 language and, 76-77, 402n8 "mutuality," in, 103 purpose of exchange, 104 self-interest and, 336 See also gift exchange customs exchange systems. See barter systems; gift exchange customs existential debt, 53, 679, 399nn33-40, 400n47, 400n48 ex nihilo, 377 Exodus, views on debt in, 8, 283, 403n27, 409n8 expense accounts, 38 exploration, age of, 308 exploration, financing, 318, 444n20 explorers. See conquistadors "eye for an eye," 91, 404n4 Eyo II, King, 412n79 F Fabian socialism, 359, 388 Fair, Ray C., 22 fairs and festivals, medieval, 294-295, 323-324, 329-330, 346n46 "faith," in government, 341 familia (family), 201, 421n101 "family," etymology of, 201, 421n101 fatidra (blood brotherhood), 100, 116 Faure, Bernard, 441n148 Faust (Goethe), 343, 448n85, 450n114 feasts competitive gift-giving in, 106-107, 117-118 hospitality during, 99 violence, potential for in, 29-33, 35, 117-1 18, 127, 410n22 feather money, 60, 129, 336 Federal Reserve Bank loans to government by, 365-366 in New York, 362-364 overview, 364-365, 450n5, 451n9, 451nn8-9 power to print money, 364-365, 451n8, 451n18 U.S. international debt and, 369-370 Federal Reserve Notes, 365 female slaves, 417n54 activities of, 129, 409n7 bondmaids, 61, 128 cumals, 171, 173, 408nn3-4, 414n14, 414n21, 415n25 in Greece, 71, 189, 418n66 in Iceland, 408n3 in Russia, 408-409n5 used as currency, 127-129, 408-409nn feminism, Islamic, 384 feminism, rise of, 374 festive life, English, 294-295, 329-330, 346n46 attack of, 309 festive life, German, 323-324 feudalism, 114, 121-124, 172, 286, 324- 325, 424n2
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DEBT
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© 2011 David Graeber First Melvill
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Chapter One ON THE EXPERIENCE OF MO
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ON THE EXPERIENCE OF MORAL CONFUSIO
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ON THE EXPERIENCE OF MORAL CONFU.S
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ON THE EX PERIEN CE OF MORAL CONFUS
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22 DEBT that there is something ver
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24 DEBT can make them both happier.
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26 DEBT so many examples, we have a
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28 DEBT "The economy" is where we i
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30 DEBT aside their weapons to sing
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32 DEBT Then visltlng men of one mo
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34 DEBT palm off the faulty object
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36 DEBT The message is conveyed, an
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38 DEBT In the early days of the Ne
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40 DEBT independently) were among t
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Chapter Three PRIMORDIAL DEBTS In b
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 45 barter systems.
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 47 circulating aro
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 49 Modern banknote
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 51 language of the
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 53 families such a
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 55 Neither was Key
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 57 Sacrifice (and
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 59 For instance, I
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 61 abundantly clea
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 63 interest-bearin
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 65 were in financi
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 67 pay a debt to s
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 69 be possible to
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 71 The problem is
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74 DEBT Persian government probably
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76 DEBT To illustrate, let me call
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78 DEBT In other words, for Nietzsc
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80 DEBT to think about our relation
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82 DEBT slate" edict-having himself
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84 DEBT humans-in this particular c
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86 DEBT It's particularly striking
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Chapter Five A BRIEF TREATISE ON TH
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THE MORAL GROUNDS OF ECONOMIC RELA
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THE MORAL GROUNDS OF ECONOMIC RELAT
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THE MORAL GROUNDS OF ECONOMIC RELAT
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Chapter Six GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 12 9 off
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 13 1 Mone
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 13 3 more
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 13 5 a fi
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 13 7 Bloo
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 13 9 whil
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 14 1 you:
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEATH 14 3 affai
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 14 5 This
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 14 7 pres
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEATH 14 9 into
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEATH 15 1 On ar
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEATH 153 always
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 15 5 chai
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 157 dream
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 159 the c
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEATH 161 Anthro
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 16 3 I me
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Chapter Seven HONOR AND DEGRADATI O
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HONOR AND DEGRADAT ION 16 7 Readers
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 169 eliminate
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HONOR AND DEGRADA TION 171 all know
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 17 3 sacrosan
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 17 5 her fath
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HONOR AND DEGRADAT ION 17 7 The wor
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HONOR AND DEGRADAT I ON 17 9 scale
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 18 1 The most
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 18 3 to which
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HONOR AND DEGRADA TION 18 5 that th
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HONOR AND DEGRADA TION 18 7 Greek c
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 18 9 imaginar
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 19 1 hierarch
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HO NOR AND DEGRADATION 19 3 day the
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HONO R AND DEGRA DATION 195 enforce
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HO NO R AND DEGRADATION 197 succeed
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HONO R AND DEGRADAT IO N 199 that i
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HONOR AND DEGRADA TION 201 or "hous
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 203 century A
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HONOR AND DEGRADA TION 205 noble cl
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 207 ourselves
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 209 lifted fr
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Chapter Eight CREDIT VERSUS BULLION
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CREDIT VE R SUS BULL I ON 213 From
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CREDIT VE RSUS BULLION 215 could ci
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CREDIT VERSUS BULLION 217 abolished
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CREDIT VE RSUS BULL I ON 219 By the
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CREDIT VE R SUS BULLION 221 Other v
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224 DEBT with ascetics and sages fl
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226 DEBT to say; it was removed fro
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228 DEBT Carthage lasted longer, bu
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230 DEBT invading army; and ancient
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232 DEBT So that they laugh at thos
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234 DEBT brought under government c
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236 DEBT and peasant leader named L
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238 DEBT appear in all the same tim
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240 DEBT Lti adopted the prince's c
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242 DEBT His conclusion: if one cou
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244 DEBT Once, waiting to assess th
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246 DEBT fees, or legal penalties.
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248 DEBT supreme being, or whether
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250 DEBT As for the religious movem
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252 DEBT abandoned and the economy
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254 DEBT ends by saying that this w
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256 DEBT Hindu temples alone must h
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258 DEBT China: Buddhism and the Ec
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260 DEBT "the market"-owing to the
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262 DEBT of the illusory nature of
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264 DEBT act of breastfeeding, the
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266 DEBT so large, and so rich, adm
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268 DEBT (Mothers, and caregiving w
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270 DEBT promissory notes, as well
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272 DEBT in exactly the same situat
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274 DEBT that those coins be render
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276 DEBT About 900 a great man paid
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278 DEBT book-keeping along with se
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280 DEBT are realized, and the succ
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282 DEBT Much of our free-market do
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284 DEBT give in to his entreaties.
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286 DEBT hope in recovering it, a l
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288 DEBT this regard. They insisted
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290 DEBT usually held that a mercha
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292 DEBT most famous for their comp
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294 DEBT out of trouble, as it were
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296 DEBT sublimated, romanticized i
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298 DEBT We can see the same tensio
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300 DEBT intellectual problem of th
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302 DEBT the left and right (someti
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304 DEBT effectively risk-free inve
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Chapter Eleven AGE OF THE GREAT CAP
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AGE OF THE GREAT CAPITALIST EMPIRES
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AG E OF THE GREAT CAPITALIST EMPIRE
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Chapter Twelve (1971-The Beginning
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 363 som
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 365 whi
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 367 val
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(1971-THE BEGINNING ... ) 369 of th
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 371 CHI
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 373 of
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(1971-THE BEGINNING ... ) 375 with
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 377 aro
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 379 red
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 381 epi
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 383 In
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 385 man
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 387 tru
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 389 tha
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 391 pri
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394 NOTES law in 18oo foundered; th
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396 NOTES people will continue to c
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398 NOTES resistance. The bi-metall
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400 NOTES In the case of the oldest
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402 NOTES 8. As I remarked earlier,
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404 NOTES brother charges another"
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406 NOTES business deal that appear
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408 NOTES 6r. This is one reason wh
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410 NOTES 22. On mourning war: Rich
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412 NOTES information on whether in
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414 NOTES not on the institution, w
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416 NOTES appear to have been made
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418 NOTES arbitrarily abused, but b
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420 NOTES over-lavish-generosity (s
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422 NOTES (198o:143; see Saller 198
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424 NOTES their neighborhood ignol'
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426 NOTES 3· Or, if one must be ev
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428 NOTES and employees" (ibid:205)
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430 NOTES only understands what is
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432 NOTES witnesses; how a surety o
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434 NOTES did believe in an endurin
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436 NOTES that the main effect of m
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438 NOTES to the merchant, but a di
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440 NOTES 121. It was a firm from C
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442 NOTES 149. Later still, as cash
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444 NOTES 5· Chinese historians co
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446 NOTES 43· Gold and silver were
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448 NOTES 74· Kindleberger 1984; B
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450 NOTES 106. Usually in order to
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452 NOTES 18. See dailybail.com/hom
Page 463 and 464: BIBLIOGRAPHY Abraham, Roy Clive. 19
Page 465 and 466: BIBLIOGRAPHY 457 ---. 20or. Hacksil
Page 467 and 468: BIBLIOGRAPHY 459 ---. 1992. Everyda
Page 469 and 470: BIBLIOGRAPHY 461 Clavero, Bartolome
Page 471 and 472: BIBLIOGRAPHY 463 Douglas, Mary. 195
Page 473 and 474: BIBLIOGRAPHY 465 Federal Reserve Ba
Page 475 and 476: BIBLIOGRAPHY 467 ---. 2ooo. "The Ec
Page 477 and 478: BIBLIOGRAPHY 469 Grosz, Katarzyna.
Page 479 and 480: BIBLIOGRAPHY 471 Hopkins, Keith. 19
Page 481 and 482: BIBLIOGRAPHY 473 Jevons, W. Stanley
Page 483 and 484: BIBLIOGRAPHY 475 ---. 2.005. "The A
Page 485 and 486: BIBLIOGRAPHY 477 Littlefield, Henry
Page 487 and 488: BIBLIOGRAPHY 479 Miller, Joseph. 19
Page 489 and 490: BIBLIOGRAPHY 481 ---. 2005. Manu's
Page 491 and 492: BIBLIOGRAPHY 483 Puett, Michael J.
Page 493 and 494: BIBLIOGRAPHY 485 ---. 2007. "The Mo
Page 495 and 496: BIBLIOGRAPHY 487 ---. 1990. Road to
Page 497 and 498: BIBLIOGRAPHY 489 Uebach, Helga. 2oo
Page 499 and 500: BIBLIOGRAPHY 491 Whitaker, C. W. A.
Page 501 and 502: INDEX A Abbasid Caliphate, 169, 272
Page 503 and 504: INDEX 495 Bank of England creation
Page 505 and 506: INDEX 497 on "redemption," 80-8 1 R
Page 507 and 508: INDEX 499 Charlemagne, King, 48-51
Page 509 and 510: INDEX 501 sous, French, 48, 395n28,
Page 511 and 512: INDEX 503 Da Republica (Bodin), 329
Page 513: INDEX 505 Die Wibelungen (Wagner),
Page 517 and 518: INDEX 509 G Gabon, 16 Galey, Jean-C
Page 519 and 520: INDEX 511 Greek elemental system, 2
Page 521 and 522: INDEX 513 "hundred schools" of phil
Page 523 and 524: INDEX 515 princes proverb in, 273,
Page 525 and 526: INDEX 517 societal hierarchies in,
Page 527 and 528: INDEX 519 merchants in Christrianit
Page 529 and 530: INDEX 521 negative views of, 290, 4
Page 531 and 532: INDEX 523 pawns/pawnship debt pawns
Page 533 and 534: INDEX 525 pseudo-Dionysius, 442n155
Page 535 and 536: INDEX 527 Seaford, Richard, 244-247
Page 537 and 538: INDEX 529 capitalism and, 379 langu
Page 539 and 540: INDEX 531 Testart, Alain, 409n6, 41
Page 541 and 542: INDEX 533 feast, gift exchange and,
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