Debt: The First 5000 Years - autonomous learning

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520 INDEX Miller, William Ian, 407n54 Millett, Paul, 419n78, 420nn81-84 Lending and Borrowing in Ancient Athens, 419n78 minas, Mesopotamian, 39, 197 miners; revolts, 444n5 Ming dyanasty, 258, Jlo-3 11, 3 14, 417n54, 433n28, 434n42 Mitcheli-Innes, Alfred, 37, 40, 45--47, 396n8, 396n31 Moctezuma, 355-357 modern banking systems, 448n87 Modern Monetary <strong>The</strong>ory (MMT). See Chartalism Mo Di, 241, 249n50 ·Mohammed, Prophet, 169, 224, 271-272, 275, 279, 286, 437--438nn82-83 Mohism, 237, 248, 249n50, 430n65 monarchical hierarchies absolute power of, 205-207, 325, 331, 385 democracy in, 80, 402n19 See also kings monasteries, medieval Indian, 253 "monetarism," 375 monetary theories. See economic theories money, concepts of, 397n11 as commodity, 26, 36, 46, 73-75, 395n25, 396n31 as empowerment, 380 as government creation, 24-25 honor and, 171 as IOU, 73, 74-75 and language, 195 as mathematical concept, 52 measuring value and, 46--48, 396-397nn8-11 philosophical thought about, 244-247 political nature of, 242-345 Rospabe unpayable debt theory on, 13 1-136, 158-159 as social currency, 130, 158, 219 as symbol, 298-302 as symbol of degradation, 188-189 ' as unlimited, 245-247 as value made in law, 340, 448n81 money, functions of, 22-23 money, origins of credit systems and, 73-75, 401n5 early legal practice and, 6o-62 first coins, 224, 230, 426n10, 427n26 in Greece, 24, 394n6 legends about, 403n30 in Mesopotamia, 38--40, 74-75, 401nn2-5 overview, 46--47 primordial debt theory, 55-62, 62-65, 136, 398n30 See also barter, myth of money, types of brass, 154, 411n54 cattle, 59-60, 61 copper bars, 150, 152, 411n53, 411nn53-54 fiat money, 53, 270, 364, 430n74 "fiduciary" money, 430n74 in prisons and POW camps, 37 silver, 39, J lo-312, 444nn5-9 tobacco, 26, 38, 75, 166 Money and Early Greek Mind (Seaford), 244 Money and Its Use in Medieval Europe (Spufford), 396n37 Money and the Early Greek Mind (Seaford), 244 moneylending/moneylenders Brahmanic doctrine on, 9 Buddhism and, 11-12 Catholic Church on, 10 children sold to, 314 child-selling and, 9, 14, 128-129, 409n7 Christianity and, 283-285, 319, 339n108 creditor vs. debtor guilt, 12-13 dishonesty of, 284 Hindu law codes on, 11 Jewish attitudes toward, 287-290 Jewish roles in, 11, 287-289 legal loopholes in, 289 loan sharks/loan-sharking, 10, 28, 51, 195, 259, 352, 354, 376, 389 in medieval Europe, 11 in medieval France, 9-10 merchants as, 295 in Mesopotamia, 81 in Middle East, 275-276, 436n68 motivations for, 22 negative representations of, 10, 28, 343 ·
INDEX 521 negative views of, 290, 440n123 overview, 9-13 religious ideologies and, 10-13, 289 "usurers," defined, ·10 violence used in loan collection, 7-8, 14, 194-195 Mongols, 3 10 Montejo, Francisco de, 444n20 Moralia (Plutarch), 407n60 morality, concepts of banking practices and, 15-17, 372, 393n11 as basic value, 14 cultural variances in, 113-1 18 debt cancellation and, 389 economic morality, 92, 378, 404n5 government deficits as immoral, 358, 366, 450n110 hierarchy and, 109-113 marketplace and human life, 89-90 unpayable debt and, 120-122, 407n60 See also reciprocity moral relations, as debts, 329-330 Morgan, Henry Lewis on Iroquois, Six Nations of, 29, 135, 395n15, 409nn18-19 mortgage crisis, U.S., 15, 380-381, 393n11 mortgage-refinancing schemes, 376 mortgage relief funds, 394n13 (Chap. 1) Motolinia, Fray Toribio de, 314, 3 19 mourning war, 136, 410n22 movement, laws of, 332 Mozi, 242, 429n55 Muldrew, Craig, 327, 333, 445n40, 445nn4D-1, 446nn44-46 Muller, Adam, 397nll murder, as form of debt repayment, 131- 136, 410n22 Musaiyab, Sa'id Bin, 273, 436n62 Muslim suftaja, 201, 276, 291, 437n81 mutilation, of debtors, 77, 288, 402n10 mutual aid in English culture, 329 in Islam, 218, 291, 446n51 mutual aid, concept of, 119 Mutual Aid (Kropotkin), 404n5 Myers, Danny, 23 mysticum (mystical body), 304 "mythic communism," 95 N Nagarjuna, 433-434n35 Nalanda, India, 296 Nambikwara people, 29-30, 32-33, 35, 127, 410n22 Nasruddin, 102, 107, 192-193, 273, 280, 419n79 national bankruptcy, 359, 450n114 national citizenship, rights to, 383 national liberation movements, 374 Native Americans Aztec people, 314-3 15, 317, 325-326, 355-357 barter systems of, 25, 394n10 burial customs, 99, 405n18 Christianity, conversion to, 319 European conquest and, 314 Kwakiutl people, 117, 406n44 reciprocity in, 114 See also Inuit people; Iroquois people Nebuchadnezzar, King, 81 Nehemiah (prophet) on creditors rights and punishments, 81-82, 283, 402n19 on daughters used as debt payment, 128-129, 427n17 on debtors' rights, 86 reforms in, 427n27 Nelson, Benjamin, 439n111 neo-Keynesians. See Keynesiansim neoliberalism, 376, 453n32 New Deal, 373 Newfoundland, 26, 37-38, 398n3 1 New Testament. See Bible New <strong>The</strong>ory of Money, (Muller), 397n11 Newton, Isaac, 44, 242, 340, 341, 396n2 Newtonian economics, 44, 242, 340-341, 396n2 New York City, 362-363 nexum, 230 Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 43 1n78, 438n92, 440n123, 441n147, 442n 153, 446n51 Nicostratus, 193-195, 197, 419n80 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 76-78, 336, 402nn8- 10, 439n117, 448n83 On the Genealogy of Morals, 76-77, 402n8 Nigeria, slave trade in, 149-150
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DEBT
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© 2011 David Graeber First Melvill
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Chapter One ON THE EXPERIENCE OF MO
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ON THE EXPERIENCE OF MORAL CONFUSIO
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ON THE EXPERIENCE OF MORAL CONFU.S
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ON THE EX PERIEN CE OF MORAL CONFUS
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22 DEBT that there is something ver
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24 DEBT can make them both happier.
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26 DEBT so many examples, we have a
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28 DEBT "The economy" is where we i
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30 DEBT aside their weapons to sing
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32 DEBT Then visltlng men of one mo
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34 DEBT palm off the faulty object
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36 DEBT The message is conveyed, an
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38 DEBT In the early days of the Ne
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40 DEBT independently) were among t
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Chapter Three PRIMORDIAL DEBTS In b
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 45 barter systems.
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 47 circulating aro
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 49 Modern banknote
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 51 language of the
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 53 families such a
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 55 Neither was Key
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 57 Sacrifice (and
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 59 For instance, I
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 61 abundantly clea
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 63 interest-bearin
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 65 were in financi
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 67 pay a debt to s
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 69 be possible to
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 71 The problem is
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74 DEBT Persian government probably
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76 DEBT To illustrate, let me call
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78 DEBT In other words, for Nietzsc
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80 DEBT to think about our relation
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82 DEBT slate" edict-having himself
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84 DEBT humans-in this particular c
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86 DEBT It's particularly striking
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Chapter Five A BRIEF TREATISE ON TH
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THE MORAL GROUNDS OF ECONOMIC RELA
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THE MORAL GROUNDS OF ECONOMIC RELAT
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THE MORAL GROUNDS OF ECONOMIC RELAT
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Chapter Six GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 12 9 off
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 13 1 Mone
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 13 3 more
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 13 5 a fi
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 13 7 Bloo
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 13 9 whil
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 14 1 you:
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEATH 14 3 affai
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 14 5 This
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 14 7 pres
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEATH 14 9 into
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEATH 15 1 On ar
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEATH 153 always
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 15 5 chai
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 157 dream
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 159 the c
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEATH 161 Anthro
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 16 3 I me
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Chapter Seven HONOR AND DEGRADATI O
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HONOR AND DEGRADAT ION 16 7 Readers
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 169 eliminate
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HONOR AND DEGRADA TION 171 all know
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 17 3 sacrosan
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 17 5 her fath
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HONOR AND DEGRADAT ION 17 7 The wor
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HONOR AND DEGRADAT I ON 17 9 scale
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 18 1 The most
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 18 3 to which
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HONOR AND DEGRADA TION 18 5 that th
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HONOR AND DEGRADA TION 18 7 Greek c
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 18 9 imaginar
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 19 1 hierarch
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HO NOR AND DEGRADATION 19 3 day the
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HONO R AND DEGRA DATION 195 enforce
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HO NO R AND DEGRADATION 197 succeed
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HONO R AND DEGRADAT IO N 199 that i
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HONOR AND DEGRADA TION 201 or "hous
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 203 century A
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HONOR AND DEGRADA TION 205 noble cl
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 207 ourselves
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 209 lifted fr
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Chapter Eight CREDIT VERSUS BULLION
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CREDIT VE R SUS BULL I ON 213 From
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CREDIT VE RSUS BULLION 215 could ci
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CREDIT VERSUS BULLION 217 abolished
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CREDIT VE RSUS BULL I ON 219 By the
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CREDIT VE R SUS BULLION 221 Other v
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224 DEBT with ascetics and sages fl
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226 DEBT to say; it was removed fro
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228 DEBT Carthage lasted longer, bu
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230 DEBT invading army; and ancient
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232 DEBT So that they laugh at thos
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234 DEBT brought under government c
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236 DEBT and peasant leader named L
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238 DEBT appear in all the same tim
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240 DEBT Lti adopted the prince's c
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242 DEBT His conclusion: if one cou
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244 DEBT Once, waiting to assess th
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246 DEBT fees, or legal penalties.
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248 DEBT supreme being, or whether
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250 DEBT As for the religious movem
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252 DEBT abandoned and the economy
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254 DEBT ends by saying that this w
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256 DEBT Hindu temples alone must h
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258 DEBT China: Buddhism and the Ec
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260 DEBT "the market"-owing to the
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262 DEBT of the illusory nature of
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264 DEBT act of breastfeeding, the
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266 DEBT so large, and so rich, adm
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268 DEBT (Mothers, and caregiving w
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270 DEBT promissory notes, as well
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272 DEBT in exactly the same situat
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274 DEBT that those coins be render
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276 DEBT About 900 a great man paid
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278 DEBT book-keeping along with se
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280 DEBT are realized, and the succ
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282 DEBT Much of our free-market do
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284 DEBT give in to his entreaties.
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286 DEBT hope in recovering it, a l
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288 DEBT this regard. They insisted
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290 DEBT usually held that a mercha
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292 DEBT most famous for their comp
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294 DEBT out of trouble, as it were
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296 DEBT sublimated, romanticized i
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298 DEBT We can see the same tensio
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300 DEBT intellectual problem of th
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302 DEBT the left and right (someti
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304 DEBT effectively risk-free inve
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Chapter Eleven AGE OF THE GREAT CAP
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AGE OF THE GREAT CAPITALIST EMPIRES
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AG E OF THE GREAT CAPITALIST EMPIRE
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Chapter Twelve (1971-The Beginning
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 363 som
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 365 whi
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 367 val
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(1971-THE BEGINNING ... ) 369 of th
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 371 CHI
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 373 of
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(1971-THE BEGINNING ... ) 375 with
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 377 aro
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 379 red
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 381 epi
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 383 In
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 385 man
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 387 tru
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 389 tha
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 391 pri
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394 NOTES law in 18oo foundered; th
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396 NOTES people will continue to c
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398 NOTES resistance. The bi-metall
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400 NOTES In the case of the oldest
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402 NOTES 8. As I remarked earlier,
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404 NOTES brother charges another"
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406 NOTES business deal that appear
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408 NOTES 6r. This is one reason wh
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410 NOTES 22. On mourning war: Rich
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412 NOTES information on whether in
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414 NOTES not on the institution, w
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416 NOTES appear to have been made
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418 NOTES arbitrarily abused, but b
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420 NOTES over-lavish-generosity (s
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422 NOTES (198o:143; see Saller 198
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424 NOTES their neighborhood ignol'
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426 NOTES 3· Or, if one must be ev
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428 NOTES and employees" (ibid:205)
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430 NOTES only understands what is
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432 NOTES witnesses; how a surety o
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434 NOTES did believe in an endurin
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436 NOTES that the main effect of m
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438 NOTES to the merchant, but a di
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440 NOTES 121. It was a firm from C
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442 NOTES 149. Later still, as cash
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444 NOTES 5· Chinese historians co
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446 NOTES 43· Gold and silver were
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448 NOTES 74· Kindleberger 1984; B
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450 NOTES 106. Usually in order to
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452 NOTES 18. See dailybail.com/hom
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Abraham, Roy Clive. 19
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 457 ---. 20or. Hacksil
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 459 ---. 1992. Everyda
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 461 Clavero, Bartolome
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 463 Douglas, Mary. 195
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 465 Federal Reserve Ba
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 467 ---. 2ooo. "The Ec
Page 477 and 478: BIBLIOGRAPHY 469 Grosz, Katarzyna.
Page 479 and 480: BIBLIOGRAPHY 471 Hopkins, Keith. 19
Page 481 and 482: BIBLIOGRAPHY 473 Jevons, W. Stanley
Page 483 and 484: BIBLIOGRAPHY 475 ---. 2.005. "The A
Page 485 and 486: BIBLIOGRAPHY 477 Littlefield, Henry
Page 487 and 488: BIBLIOGRAPHY 479 Miller, Joseph. 19
Page 489 and 490: BIBLIOGRAPHY 481 ---. 2005. Manu's
Page 491 and 492: BIBLIOGRAPHY 483 Puett, Michael J.
Page 493 and 494: BIBLIOGRAPHY 485 ---. 2007. "The Mo
Page 495 and 496: BIBLIOGRAPHY 487 ---. 1990. Road to
Page 497 and 498: BIBLIOGRAPHY 489 Uebach, Helga. 2oo
Page 499 and 500: BIBLIOGRAPHY 491 Whitaker, C. W. A.
Page 501 and 502: INDEX A Abbasid Caliphate, 169, 272
Page 503 and 504: INDEX 495 Bank of England creation
Page 505 and 506: INDEX 497 on "redemption," 80-8 1 R
Page 507 and 508: INDEX 499 Charlemagne, King, 48-51
Page 509 and 510: INDEX 501 sous, French, 48, 395n28,
Page 511 and 512: INDEX 503 Da Republica (Bodin), 329
Page 513 and 514: INDEX 505 Die Wibelungen (Wagner),
Page 515 and 516: INDEX 507 market economies, emergen
Page 517 and 518: INDEX 509 G Gabon, 16 Galey, Jean-C
Page 519 and 520: INDEX 511 Greek elemental system, 2
Page 521 and 522: INDEX 513 "hundred schools" of phil
Page 523 and 524: INDEX 515 princes proverb in, 273,
Page 525 and 526: INDEX 517 societal hierarchies in,
Page 527: INDEX 519 merchants in Christrianit
Page 531 and 532: INDEX 523 pawns/pawnship debt pawns
Page 533 and 534: INDEX 525 pseudo-Dionysius, 442n155
Page 535 and 536: INDEX 527 Seaford, Richard, 244-247
Page 537 and 538: INDEX 529 capitalism and, 379 langu
Page 539 and 540: INDEX 531 Testart, Alain, 409n6, 41
Page 541 and 542: INDEX 533 feast, gift exchange and,
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