Debt: The First 5000 Years - autonomous learning

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514 INDEX insulting/competing language and in communism, 96--98 in competitive gift-giving, 106--107, 117-1 18 interest, restrictions on in China, 259, 432n26 in India, 259, 432n26 in Islam, 436n69, 436n70, 443n165 interest-bearing loans. See loans, interestbearing interest (interesse) bookkeeping and, 331 etymology of, 322, 446nn58-59 first appearance of, 63, 400n47 principle of, 290, 332, 338, 346, 440n123, 446n59, 446nn58-59 tokos, 440n123 See also loans, interest-bearing international debt, 367-369 international gold standard, 52-53, 341, 361 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 2-3 current role of, 17-18 global capitalism and, 17 global power and, 368 insistence on paying debt, 368-369 legal status of, 444n22 opposition to, 368-369, 369 purpose of, 18, 368 Third World debt and, 2-4, 368-369 intuition, in Taoism, 242 Inuit, 79, 93, 115-116, 117, 119, 122, 402n13, 407n48 investment capital, origins of, 19 "invisible hand" theory, 44, 279, 335, 396n3 IOUs tallies, 48-51, 396n37, 397n15, 442n158 tally sticks as, 48, 268, 396n37, 397n16, 425n26, 435nn48-53, 442n161 See also credit systems iqta' system, 274, 436n63 Iran Euro and, 451n14 Iraq American views about, 384 debt to Kuwait, 5 Euro and, 451n14 financial innovations from, 384, 436n68 Hussein, Saddam, 5, 367 U.S. military in, 5 Iraq, moneylending laws in, 436n68 Ireland cumals, 171, 173, 408nn3-4, 414n14, 414n21, 415n25 female slaves in, 171, 172, 173, 408nn3-4, 414n14, 414n21, 415n25 honor price in, 171-176, 414n14, 414n19, 415n26 law codes in, 61, 399n43 Irish law codes, on honor price, 171-176, 414n19 iron, as precious metal, 27 Iron Age, 223 iron rings, as money, 60 Iroquois people burial customs of, 99, 405n18 life-debts and, 135 overview, 29, 135, 395n15, 409nn18-19 reciprocity in, 114 wampum shell money of, 60, 129, 135-136, 409n9 women's social role and value, 410n26, 413n93 irrational numbers, 429n52 Islam in Axial Age, 224 on barter, 279-281, 438n88 bazaars and, 103-104, 278-279 capital as credit in Middle Ages, 271-282 currency in, 274--276, 281 equality, principles of, 280 Europeans ideas about, 271 expansion of, 277, 437n77 Koran, 183, 436n68 in market regulation, ideas about, 279, 437n82 merchants, role in society, 277, 279- 280, 329, 437n72 Mohammed, Prophet, 169, 224, 271-272, 275, 279, 286, 437-438nn82-83 mutual aid in, 218, 291, 446n51 philosophies of, 271-272 price, bargaining and, 279-280, 329
INDEX 515 princes proverb in, 273, 436n62 principles of, 274, 436n67 radical Islam, 383-384 Islamic economic precedents, 279, 282, 291-292, 303, 438n85, 440n129 Islamic economics movement, 275-282, 436n68 Islamic law, 272-273 on banking systems, 275-280, 4337nn68-74 economic policies in, 274, 436n63 on interest, 436n69, 436n70, 443n165 on recognizing corporations, 443n170 on slavery, 168-169, 170, 274, 414nn5-8, 421n103, 436n65 on taxes, 436n61 Islamic state, idea of, 274, 436n62 Israel, debt as morality in, 430n65 Italian Renaissance, 364 Italy banking systems in, 291-292, 338, 440n132 merchant guilds in, 292, 440n127 slavery in, 292 ius (rights), 199, 421n93 J Jainism, 224, 232, 237, 255, 426n4 Japan, 371, 372, 452n22 central bank in, 367 U.S. treasury bonds and, 6-7 Jaspers, Karl, 223-224, 431n79 Java, bargaining customs in, 102 Java, slave trade in, 157-158 Jefferson, Thomas, 359, 363, 372, 451n8 Jeremiah (prophet), 82, 283 Jevons, Stanley, 28, 29 Jewish people debts owed to, views of, 288 discrimination and abuse of, 77, 288- 289, 440nl21 exclusion from guilds, 288 as merchants, 437n72 moneylending, attitudes toward, 287-290 moneylending, roles in, 11, 287-289 as slaves in Islam, 274 Jhering, Rudolf von, 198 jisa, custom of, 432n8 John, King, 288 Johnson, Simon, 393n11 joint-stock corporations. See corporations "joking relationships," 117, 407n51 journal of Consumer Policy, 57 Jubilee, Law of, 2, 82, 390, 403n20 Judaism God, notions about, 430n69 overview, 81, 224, 271 on redemption, concept of, 81-82 redemption in, concept of, 81-82 vs. Christianity, 287-290 Jukun kingdom, 411nn51-52 juros (debt bonds), 448n80 justice, concepts of, 91-92, 114-1 15, 332- 333, 346n5 1 justice, origins of, 439n117 K Kabyle Berber people (Algeria), 106, 277, 437n76 Kalahari Bushmen, 35 Kalanoro (spirit), 28 "Kali age," 432n10 Kamentz, Anya, 453n32 Kan, Lao, 435n48 Kane, Pandurang Vaman, 400n47 kantaka (thorn), 428n42 Kant,Immanuel, 438n85 Kantorowicz, Ernst, 304, 443n168 karma, 255 "karmic debt," 262-263, 268, 302, 433- 434n35 Kashmir, 254, 386 Kautilya, 250, 429n62, 43 1n79 Arthasasatra, 50, 233-234, 240, 432n15 Kelly, Amy, 294 kem relationship, 409n13 Keynes, John Maynard "alternative tradition," 54, 55 Treatise on Money, 54 "Keynesian era," 373 Keynesiansim, 53-55, 373-375, 376, 388, 398n25, 398nn28-29, 430n74 neo-Keynesians, 55, 45D-451n5 Reagan and, 398n25 KGB, 382 Khaldun, Ibn, 109, 438n93 Khaldun-Laffer curve (Laffer Curve), 90, 438n93
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DEBT
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© 2011 David Graeber First Melvill
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Chapter One ON THE EXPERIENCE OF MO
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ON THE EXPERIENCE OF MORAL CONFUSIO
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ON THE EXPERIENCE OF MORAL CONFU.S
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ON THE EX PERIEN CE OF MORAL CONFUS
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22 DEBT that there is something ver
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24 DEBT can make them both happier.
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26 DEBT so many examples, we have a
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28 DEBT "The economy" is where we i
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30 DEBT aside their weapons to sing
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32 DEBT Then visltlng men of one mo
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34 DEBT palm off the faulty object
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36 DEBT The message is conveyed, an
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38 DEBT In the early days of the Ne
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40 DEBT independently) were among t
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Chapter Three PRIMORDIAL DEBTS In b
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 45 barter systems.
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 47 circulating aro
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 49 Modern banknote
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 51 language of the
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 53 families such a
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 55 Neither was Key
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 57 Sacrifice (and
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 59 For instance, I
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 61 abundantly clea
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 63 interest-bearin
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 65 were in financi
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 67 pay a debt to s
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 69 be possible to
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PRIMORDIAL DEBTS 71 The problem is
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74 DEBT Persian government probably
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76 DEBT To illustrate, let me call
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78 DEBT In other words, for Nietzsc
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80 DEBT to think about our relation
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82 DEBT slate" edict-having himself
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84 DEBT humans-in this particular c
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86 DEBT It's particularly striking
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Chapter Five A BRIEF TREATISE ON TH
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THE MORAL GROUNDS OF ECONOMIC RELA
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THE MORAL GROUNDS OF ECONOMIC RELAT
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THE MORAL GROUNDS OF ECONOMIC RELAT
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Chapter Six GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 12 9 off
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 13 1 Mone
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 13 3 more
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 13 5 a fi
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 13 7 Bloo
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 13 9 whil
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 14 1 you:
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEATH 14 3 affai
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 14 5 This
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 14 7 pres
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEATH 14 9 into
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEATH 15 1 On ar
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEATH 153 always
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 15 5 chai
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 157 dream
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 159 the c
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEATH 161 Anthro
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GAMES WITH SEX AND DEAT H 16 3 I me
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Chapter Seven HONOR AND DEGRADATI O
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HONOR AND DEGRADAT ION 16 7 Readers
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 169 eliminate
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HONOR AND DEGRADA TION 171 all know
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 17 3 sacrosan
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 17 5 her fath
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HONOR AND DEGRADAT ION 17 7 The wor
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HONOR AND DEGRADAT I ON 17 9 scale
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 18 1 The most
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 18 3 to which
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HONOR AND DEGRADA TION 18 5 that th
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HONOR AND DEGRADA TION 18 7 Greek c
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 18 9 imaginar
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 19 1 hierarch
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HO NOR AND DEGRADATION 19 3 day the
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HONO R AND DEGRA DATION 195 enforce
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HO NO R AND DEGRADATION 197 succeed
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HONO R AND DEGRADAT IO N 199 that i
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HONOR AND DEGRADA TION 201 or "hous
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 203 century A
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HONOR AND DEGRADA TION 205 noble cl
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 207 ourselves
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HONOR AND DEGRADATION 209 lifted fr
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Chapter Eight CREDIT VERSUS BULLION
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CREDIT VE R SUS BULL I ON 213 From
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CREDIT VE RSUS BULLION 215 could ci
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CREDIT VERSUS BULLION 217 abolished
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CREDIT VE RSUS BULL I ON 219 By the
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CREDIT VE R SUS BULLION 221 Other v
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224 DEBT with ascetics and sages fl
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226 DEBT to say; it was removed fro
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228 DEBT Carthage lasted longer, bu
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230 DEBT invading army; and ancient
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232 DEBT So that they laugh at thos
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234 DEBT brought under government c
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236 DEBT and peasant leader named L
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238 DEBT appear in all the same tim
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240 DEBT Lti adopted the prince's c
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242 DEBT His conclusion: if one cou
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244 DEBT Once, waiting to assess th
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246 DEBT fees, or legal penalties.
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248 DEBT supreme being, or whether
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250 DEBT As for the religious movem
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252 DEBT abandoned and the economy
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254 DEBT ends by saying that this w
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256 DEBT Hindu temples alone must h
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258 DEBT China: Buddhism and the Ec
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260 DEBT "the market"-owing to the
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262 DEBT of the illusory nature of
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264 DEBT act of breastfeeding, the
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266 DEBT so large, and so rich, adm
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268 DEBT (Mothers, and caregiving w
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270 DEBT promissory notes, as well
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272 DEBT in exactly the same situat
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274 DEBT that those coins be render
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276 DEBT About 900 a great man paid
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278 DEBT book-keeping along with se
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280 DEBT are realized, and the succ
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282 DEBT Much of our free-market do
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284 DEBT give in to his entreaties.
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286 DEBT hope in recovering it, a l
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288 DEBT this regard. They insisted
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290 DEBT usually held that a mercha
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292 DEBT most famous for their comp
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294 DEBT out of trouble, as it were
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296 DEBT sublimated, romanticized i
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298 DEBT We can see the same tensio
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300 DEBT intellectual problem of th
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302 DEBT the left and right (someti
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304 DEBT effectively risk-free inve
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Chapter Eleven AGE OF THE GREAT CAP
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AGE OF THE GREAT CAPITALIST EMPIRES
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AG E OF THE GREAT CAPITALIST EMPIRE
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Chapter Twelve (1971-The Beginning
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 363 som
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 365 whi
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 367 val
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(1971-THE BEGINNING ... ) 369 of th
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 371 CHI
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 373 of
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(1971-THE BEGINNING ... ) 375 with
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 377 aro
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 379 red
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 381 epi
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 383 In
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 385 man
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 387 tru
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 389 tha
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(1971-THE BEGINNING . . . ) 391 pri
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394 NOTES law in 18oo foundered; th
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396 NOTES people will continue to c
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398 NOTES resistance. The bi-metall
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400 NOTES In the case of the oldest
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402 NOTES 8. As I remarked earlier,
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404 NOTES brother charges another"
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406 NOTES business deal that appear
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408 NOTES 6r. This is one reason wh
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410 NOTES 22. On mourning war: Rich
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412 NOTES information on whether in
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414 NOTES not on the institution, w
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416 NOTES appear to have been made
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418 NOTES arbitrarily abused, but b
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420 NOTES over-lavish-generosity (s
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422 NOTES (198o:143; see Saller 198
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424 NOTES their neighborhood ignol'
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426 NOTES 3· Or, if one must be ev
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428 NOTES and employees" (ibid:205)
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430 NOTES only understands what is
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432 NOTES witnesses; how a surety o
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434 NOTES did believe in an endurin
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436 NOTES that the main effect of m
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438 NOTES to the merchant, but a di
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440 NOTES 121. It was a firm from C
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442 NOTES 149. Later still, as cash
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444 NOTES 5· Chinese historians co
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446 NOTES 43· Gold and silver were
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448 NOTES 74· Kindleberger 1984; B
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450 NOTES 106. Usually in order to
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452 NOTES 18. See dailybail.com/hom
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Abraham, Roy Clive. 19
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 457 ---. 20or. Hacksil
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 459 ---. 1992. Everyda
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 461 Clavero, Bartolome
Page 471 and 472: BIBLIOGRAPHY 463 Douglas, Mary. 195
Page 473 and 474: BIBLIOGRAPHY 465 Federal Reserve Ba
Page 475 and 476: BIBLIOGRAPHY 467 ---. 2ooo. "The Ec
Page 477 and 478: BIBLIOGRAPHY 469 Grosz, Katarzyna.
Page 479 and 480: BIBLIOGRAPHY 471 Hopkins, Keith. 19
Page 481 and 482: BIBLIOGRAPHY 473 Jevons, W. Stanley
Page 483 and 484: BIBLIOGRAPHY 475 ---. 2.005. "The A
Page 485 and 486: BIBLIOGRAPHY 477 Littlefield, Henry
Page 487 and 488: BIBLIOGRAPHY 479 Miller, Joseph. 19
Page 489 and 490: BIBLIOGRAPHY 481 ---. 2005. Manu's
Page 491 and 492: BIBLIOGRAPHY 483 Puett, Michael J.
Page 493 and 494: BIBLIOGRAPHY 485 ---. 2007. "The Mo
Page 495 and 496: BIBLIOGRAPHY 487 ---. 1990. Road to
Page 497 and 498: BIBLIOGRAPHY 489 Uebach, Helga. 2oo
Page 499 and 500: BIBLIOGRAPHY 491 Whitaker, C. W. A.
Page 501 and 502: INDEX A Abbasid Caliphate, 169, 272
Page 503 and 504: INDEX 495 Bank of England creation
Page 505 and 506: INDEX 497 on "redemption," 80-8 1 R
Page 507 and 508: INDEX 499 Charlemagne, King, 48-51
Page 509 and 510: INDEX 501 sous, French, 48, 395n28,
Page 511 and 512: INDEX 503 Da Republica (Bodin), 329
Page 513 and 514: INDEX 505 Die Wibelungen (Wagner),
Page 515 and 516: INDEX 507 market economies, emergen
Page 517 and 518: INDEX 509 G Gabon, 16 Galey, Jean-C
Page 519 and 520: INDEX 511 Greek elemental system, 2
Page 521: INDEX 513 "hundred schools" of phil
Page 525 and 526: INDEX 517 societal hierarchies in,
Page 527 and 528: INDEX 519 merchants in Christrianit
Page 529 and 530: INDEX 521 negative views of, 290, 4
Page 531 and 532: INDEX 523 pawns/pawnship debt pawns
Page 533 and 534: INDEX 525 pseudo-Dionysius, 442n155
Page 535 and 536: INDEX 527 Seaford, Richard, 244-247
Page 537 and 538: INDEX 529 capitalism and, 379 langu
Page 539 and 540: INDEX 531 Testart, Alain, 409n6, 41
Page 541 and 542: INDEX 533 feast, gift exchange and,
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