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4: CASE STUDY 1: THE ITALIAN/SLOVENIAN BORDER their 30s to their 80s and seven men ranging in age from their 40s to their 80s (see discussion in Chapter 1). I got in contact with most of the people before and during my trip by contacting museums or organisations that may be of help (such as the Swedish-Slovenian Friendship Association in Stockholm) and these in turn referred me on to other contacts. The interviewees were from different backgrounds both ethnically and socially and consisted of people who were working in the heritage and museums industry as well as people living, or having previously lived, in the area. One distinctive feature of the study area, as with many other border areas, is the duality in language which is reflected also in place names as often both the Italian and Slovenian names are used. Where this is the case I will refer to these places first in Italian and then Slovenian. For the town of Gorizia/Gorica I am using both until the Second World War as after that the situation changed and the one town became two. Background The borders between Italy, Slovenia and Austria have had a turbulent history and the borders of the changing regimes have shifted dramatically over the last centuries. The town on the hill Gorizia/Gorica was first mentioned in 1001 together with the village of Solkan (Vecchiet 2008). The word is believed to derive from the Slavic word for hill (Jacob Marušič, 2008, pers. comm. 2 nd September). The original town also centred on the hilltop castle from which it expanded. The town and surrounding areas have a fortunate position benefiting from the surrounding areas’ different types of terrains such as the Alps, the karst plateaus and alluvial plains, all with very different types of economy. As a central point the town therefore became the meeting point and an important market between these different economies which led to a development of road networks and later also railways (Moodie 1950:89). The Habsburg Empire saw the significance of the location of Gorizia/Gorica, or Görz in German, and in the early 16 th century, when they took control of the area, established administrative and military functions here (Moodie, 1950:89). When the Transalpine Railway was constructed at the turn of the 20 th century Gorizia’s position as part of a network was strengthened as it was now located on the route that connected Vienna with Trieste, the Habsburg 69
AN ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE IRON CURTAIN imperial port. The station, which was opened in 1906, was built at the north-eastern outskirts of town which caused the town to expand in this direction. Postcards of the newly opened railway station shows how it was located in an area that mainly consisted of farmland (Figure 16). The town therefore developed to provide for the high society who enjoyed the town, much due to its clement climate, and several hotels were also built to provide for travellers stopping on their way to the coast (Edizioni Della Laguna 2006:7). Gorizia’s older railway station, located at the southern part of the town, provided an access point to cities further east and a tramline between the two stations was built in order to provide transfers for travellers. Darker times were to come when Gorizia became part of the frontline during the First World War. The border with Italy had previously run approximately 11 km west of Gorizia/Gorica near the town of Cormons. As the Italian army advanced the frontline moved further east and a series of particularly fierce battles, called the Twelve Battles of Isonzo, was fought in the Isonzo/Soča valley between 1915–1917. During two years the Italian and Austrian forces fought each other in a frontline stretching from the Alps down to the Adriatic, a fight eventually won by the Italians but at a high cost with 1,100,000 Italians dead or wounded at the end of the war. The Austrians, whose army was made up of people from all over the Habsburg Empire, lost 650,000 soldiers (Schindler 2001:xii). During the ‘Secret Treaty of London’ in 1915 Britain had offered large areas, including Trentino, Trieste, Gorizia, Istria as well as the Dodecanese and African colonies, to Italy after the war if they fought on their side (Sluga 2001:26). 70
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An Archaeology of the Iron Curtain
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An Archaeology of the Iron Curtain
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Contents Acknowledgements 11 CHAPTE
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The end of a journey 212 Sammanfatt
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AN ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE IRON CURTAIN
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction Standing on
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1: INTRODUCTION carried out of the
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Page 30 and 31: 1: INTRODUCTION World War II dividi
Page 32 and 33: CHAPTER 2 A physical metaphor Concr
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Page 36 and 37: 2: A PHYSICAL METAPHOR The changing
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CHAPTER 5 Case Study 2 The Czech/Au
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5: CASE STUDY 2: THE CZECH/AUSTRIAN
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Figure 55: Bunker near the crossing
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Figure 59: Military map from 1980 o
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Figure 77-78: Painting inside the f
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CHAPTER 6 An archaeology of the Iro
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6: AN ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE IRON CURTA
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Figure 102: Fence and Watch Tower a
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Sammanfattning (Summary in Swedish)
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SAMMANFATTNING En fysisk metafor I
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SAMMANFATTNING komst och kunskapsf
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SAMMANFATTNING Fältstudier av läm
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SAMMANFATTNING som försöker ta si
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SAMMANFATTNING mets dilemma”. Han
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Södertörn Doctoral Dissertations
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33. Sofie Bedford, Islamic activism
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67. Anne Kaun, Civic Experiences an
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Stockholm Studies in Archaeology Se
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29. LINDGREN, Christina. 2004. Män
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The Iron Curtain was seen as the di
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