1JZGauQ

More documents

Recommendations

Info

4: CASE STUDY 1: THE ITALIAN/SLOVENIAN BORDER Between the wars After the First World War and the fall of the Habsburg Empire the southern part of the empire declared itself independent: the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later named the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The border towards Austria was settled through a referendum in 1920 when Austria gained the northern sections of Carinthia. The border with Italy was settled in the Rapallo Treaty in 1920 (Medved 1993:136). In this treaty Italy acquired 8768 km² of territory extending east and south-east, including the ports of Trieste and Fiume (now Rijeka) which were the two main ports of the Habsburg Empire in the Adriatic, becoming the new province of Venezia Giulia (Moodie 1950:84–87). The population in these areas were a mixture of Italian, Slovene, Croatian and German. As fascism and its progressively heavy emphasis on nationalism grew stronger in Italy times became increasingly difficult for non-Italian groups within its territory. Even if the official line, expressed by Prime Minister Nitti in 1919, was to treat people of minorities with justice and sympathy, reality showed that treatment of minorities were highly inconsistent and depended on the attitudes of the local authorities (Sluga 2001:42). After 1922 the Fascist government started a more active policy of Italianising Venezia Giulia. As part of the nation-building process a renaming operation was carried out where street names, monuments and persons were given a new Italian identity through new Italian names, this was not an uncommon tactic used as part of nation building both in Italy and in other parts of Europe (Sluga 2001:47). WWII and new borders Yugoslavia was occupied by Nazi Germany in 1941 and in 1943 when the Italians capitulated the Germans also took the area around Trieste and the study area, which became included in the so called Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral. In Trieste a concentration camp was established, the Risiera di San Sabba, on the outskirts of town in a previous rice husking plant. The camp had a purpose-built cremation oven which was blown up by the Germans late April 1945 to hide the evidence of their crimes when it became clear that the Yugoslavian partisans were about to take over the area. It has been reported that as many as 25,000 Jews and Yugoslavian partisans may have been interrogated and tortured here and 3,000–5,000 people are believed to have been killed at the camp (Aktion Reinhard Camps 2011). 73
AN ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE IRON CURTAIN As the Germans were governing the Adriatic Littoral it was subjected to bombing by the allied forces although Gorizia/Gorica survived relatively unscathed. Several resistance groups worked in the area during this period, such as the Yugoslavian Partisans, a communist and antifascist group led by Marshal Tito. It was suggested by the British foreign minister, Anthony Eden, at the Yalta conference in February 1945 that the military responsibility for Gorizia/Gorica and Trieste should fall to the Americans and British and that Yugoslavian Prime Minister Joseph Tito’s forces were given the responsibility to the east of these areas. On the 1 st of May 1945, however, the Yugoslav army took over the majority of Trieste, soon followed by New Zealand troops. Trieste was held under Yugoslav control until the 12 th of June, something called the “Forty days of Trieste” in Italian history (Sluga 2001:83–85). During this period there were many reports of partisans seeking out former fascists and any kind of nationalist manifestation was banned (Sluga 2001:89). Arrests and deportation of Germans and Italian fascists were carried out but there were also reports of executions by the Yugoslav army with some sources claiming that 6,000 people had been arrested in Gorizia/ Gorica and Trieste of which 4,150 were released, 1,850 were deported and 1,150 went missing. Later studies of these claims have suggested that the number of missing people was much lower but it is very difficult to know exactly what happened during the first chaotic days following the area’s liberation (Sluga 2001:91). During negotiations in May and June 1945 it was decided that the area around Trieste would be divided into two sections Zone A, which included the city of Trieste, which would be run by the Allies, and Zone B, including the Istrian coast, excluding Pula, would be under Yugoslavian government. The border between Italy and Yugoslavia that was agreed upon was to be known as the ‘Morgan Line’, proposed by British General William Duthie Morgan and this was the international border between Italy and Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1947 (Bufon and Minghi 2000:122). Establishing the location of the southern section of the Slovenian/Italian border, especially around Trieste, was highly complex and this remained an unsettled area for several decades. The location of the Italian-Yugoslavian border was established at a high political level by the allies. The idea was that this section of the border was to be established following ethnic distribution and ethnicity was mainly decided through language. In many areas, such as around Gorizia/Gorica, the border was therefore established between Romance (Italian) and Slavic (Slovenian and Croatian) speaking population (Bufon and Minghi 2000: 120, for a discussion on how this division was portrayed in the media at the 74
Page 1 and 2:
An Archaeology of the Iron Curtain
Page 4 and 5:
An Archaeology of the Iron Curtain
Page 8 and 9:
Contents Acknowledgements 11 CHAPTE
Page 10:
The end of a journey 212 Sammanfatt
Page 13 and 14:
AN ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE IRON CURTAIN
Page 16 and 17:
CHAPTER 1 Introduction Standing on
Page 18 and 19:
1: INTRODUCTION carried out of the
Page 20 and 21:
1: INTRODUCTION they may be… It i
Page 22 and 23:
1: INTRODUCTION where the observer
Page 24 and 25: 1: INTRODUCTION former Iron Curtain
Page 26 and 27: 1: INTRODUCTION criticism from othe
Page 28 and 29: 1: INTRODUCTION itioned somewhere i
Page 30 and 31: 1: INTRODUCTION World War II dividi
Page 32 and 33: CHAPTER 2 A physical metaphor Concr
Page 34 and 35: 2: A PHYSICAL METAPHOR established
Page 36 and 37: 2: A PHYSICAL METAPHOR The changing
Page 38 and 39: 2: A PHYSICAL METAPHOR the events t
Page 40 and 41: 2: A PHYSICAL METAPHOR As time has
Page 42 and 43: 2: A PHYSICAL METAPHOR highly influ
Page 44: 2: A PHYSICAL METAPHOR popular idea
Page 47 and 48: AN ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE IRON CURTAIN
Page 73: Figure 16: Postcard of the newly op
Page 85 and 86: 402 Kojsko Hum 402 THE OSIM
Page 109 and 110: Figure 50: Map demonstrating the bo
Page 125 and 126:
Page 128 and 129:
CHAPTER 5 Case Study 2 The Czech/Au
Page 130 and 131:
5: CASE STUDY 2: THE CZECH/AUSTRIAN
Page 132 and 133:
Figure 55: Bunker near the crossing
Page 134 and 135:
Figure 59: Military map from 1980 o
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Figure 77-78: Painting inside the f
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
CHAPTER 6 An archaeology of the Iro
Page 190 and 191:
6: AN ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE IRON CURTA
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Figure 102: Fence and Watch Tower a
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Sammanfattning (Summary in Swedish)
Page 218 and 219:
SAMMANFATTNING En fysisk metafor I
Page 220 and 221:
SAMMANFATTNING komst och kunskapsf
Page 222 and 223:
SAMMANFATTNING Fältstudier av läm
Page 224 and 225:
SAMMANFATTNING som försöker ta si
Page 226:
SAMMANFATTNING mets dilemma”. Han
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 242 and 243:
Södertörn Doctoral Dissertations
Page 244 and 245:
33. Sofie Bedford, Islamic activism
Page 246 and 247:
67. Anne Kaun, Civic Experiences an
Page 248 and 249:
Stockholm Studies in Archaeology Se
Page 250 and 251:
29. LINDGREN, Christina. 2004. Män
Page 252:
The Iron Curtain was seen as the di
show all

1JZGauQ

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?