Vegetation of Southeast Asia Studies of Forest Types 1963-1965

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where the annual precipitation is low and the soil is poor. Many of the plants, ranging from shrubs to small trees mixed with bamboos and cacti, are armed with sharp thorns. A similar formation occurs around Guanica, in southwestern Puerto Rico. The best analogy, in comparing the vegetation types of Southeast Asia and Puerto Rico, is the Mangrove forest, which occurs in both hemispheres. This is a special edaphic association, flourishing in saline soil in deltas and around the estuaries of rivers. Several identical genera grow in this forest type in both regions. While Some stands of Mangrove forest in Thailand and South Vietnam may be taller than those along the north and south coasts of Puerto Rico, their physiognomy and life-forms are closely similar. The canopy is uniform and continuous, with foliage of varying shades of green, according to species. Teak (Tectona grandjs) is a characteristic tree of the Mixed Deciduoua forest of northern Thailand and northwestern Laos. This commercially valuable timber tree is not native to Vietnam, Cambodia, or Puerto Rico, although it has been planted successfully in all these countries. Numerous species of grasse:;, some forming dominants in the ground cover, are represented in 3outheast Asia, Puerto Rico and Texas. .Several species are cosmopolitan. In. addition, certain weeus, such as KupaLorLum oaoratum, are paritropical, frequent in forest clearir^s ana along roadways. Many plants, especially those of economic value as source of food, fruits, tubers, or planted as ornamental plants, have oeen introduced from tropical America into Southeast Asia, and likewise ;'rom Asia to Puerto Rico. A lv iong these may be mentioned: corn, tobacco, cotton, -assava or manioc (Manihot esculenta), peanuts, ana sucn fruit trees as Mango (MangU'cra iridica), tamarini (Taraar Indus indiea), papaya (Jarioa papaya), ponuxrosa (gXtgenia .'.amopsTând al.T.endra (Tcrirdnalia catrippa)"; in addition to ma:iogany (o..'ielenia mai:a::oni and ^3. :nacropriylla)', African ttilip tree (Spatnodea campa:ialata)', and t::e raintree \kntc;rplobiurn saman) grown along avenues and in parks. A list of plant families common to Southeast Asia, Puerto Rico and Texas, and indicative of the similarity of the vegetation of these widely separtted regions, follows;
Plant Families In Southeast Asia, Puerto Rico and Texas* Thailand 3. Vietnaia Puerto Rico Texas Acanthaceae Aceraceae Aizoaceae Alismaceae Amaranthaceae Araaryllidaceae Anacardiaceae Annonaceae Apocynaceae Araceae Araliaceae Aristolachiaceae Asclepiadaceae Balanophoraceae Balsaminaceae Basellaceae Begoniaceae Berberidaceae Eetulaceae Bignoniaceae Bixaceae Bombacaceae Boraginaceae Bromeliac"5ae Burraanniaceae Burseraceac Cactaceae Campanulaceae Cannaceae Cappbridaceae Caprifoliaceae Caricaceae Caryophyllaceae Casuarinaceae Celastraceae Chenopodiaceae Chloranthaceae Combretaceae Comme1inace ae Conpositae X X X X X XX X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X A, partial list, selected for their cosmopolitan distribution. 95
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Rom D Number Author 0313 ° D Nnt S
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- VEGETATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIA STUD
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FOREWORD This Report on "The Vegeta
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I Page Forew
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Figure Page 31. Oblique view of Upp
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Figure ,_ . Page 8't. Basal part of
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Figure Page 132. Desiccating effect
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Summary This Report treats with the
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Laos. It enters Cambodia before it
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THAILAND Field Investigations Durin
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Peninsular Region - continued: Sout
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CLASSIFICATION OF TROPICAL FOREST T
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system based predominantly on struc
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there are usually three stories, of
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dominants of certain Consociations
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may prevail In widely separated reg
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critical. In general, wind velociti
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woody lianes, is another characteri
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woody lianes, is another characteri
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Gutta-percha of an inferior grade,
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Parkia speeiQsa, Hopea ferrea,Alsto
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This forest type is rather widespre
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Above U,000 ft. (1,200 m.), on the
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while those of Sonneratia, Avicenni
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On the landward margin of Mangrove
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(7) MIXED DECIDUOUS FOREST This for
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The Deciduous Dipterocarp forest is
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include: Bornbax (Salmalia) insigne
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1 , and around farmyards; the arnec
Page 61 and 62: Thailand is surrounded by the tall,
Page 63 and 64: usually 30 ft. (10 m.). rê length
Page 65 and 66: Forest, covering an approximate are
Page 67 and 68: trunk or branches; and in a clearer
Page 69 and 70: Perhaps the most important factor i
Page 71 and 72: were of little practical value for
Page 73 and 74: It was decided to determine whether
Page 75 and 76: In the afternoon, we made a series
Page 77 and 78: a Mangrove swamp facilitates easy,
Page 79 and 80: PHYSIOGRAPHIC, CLIMATIC AND OTHER F
Page 81 and 82: the section of the Peninsula south
Page 83 and 84: The general surface is gently undul
Page 85 and 86: south. The highest peak is near Bet
Page 87 and 88: Dark tropical clay soils occur chie
Page 89 and 90: management based on a sustained yie
Page 91 and 92: depth of 3 feet (l m.) or more in m
Page 93 and 94: egion, about 20 percent; and in Nor
Page 95 and 96: These areas are now almost entirely
Page 97 and 98: The forests of South Vietnam contai
Page 99 and 100: mountains covering vast areas. The
Page 101 and 102: 17th century. They have not been co
Page 103 and 104: in Thailand and Vietnam. Bat these
Page 105 and 106: ClImate; Laos has a tropical, clima
Page 107 and 108: Topography: The general physiograph
Page 109 and 110: forcing its impact. 03, tbe vegetat
Page 111: found also in western Cambodia in t
Page 115 and 116: Thailand S. Vietnam Pjerto Rico Tex
Page 117 and 118: PART II FORESTS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA M
Page 119 and 120: ^•4''- lT».o«n'*V>- M^ *"*V
Page 121 and 122: Figure 3.-Mountain ranges and river
Page 123 and 124: C F -20--w rr.":- -•—^ l-M-fgpp
Page 125 and 126: L A O S A N / 1 •*' ^ (, THAILAND
Page 127 and 128: '""} Nrfm (hnh" 7 ' '/ r -I „ s'^
Page 129 and 130: Figure 11..Major forest trpes of Vi
Page 131 and 132: Figure lU.-Bamboos and banana are t
Page 133 and 134: Figure 18.-The tall "yang khao 1 tr
Page 135 and 136: ife," ^'-tf/5fcr~ Figure 22.-Evergr
Page 137 and 138: Figure 26.-Upper or Hill Moist Ever
Page 139 and 140: Figure 30.-Profile of Lover Montane
Page 141 and 142: Figure 3^«-Aroids in low znoist si
Page 143 and 144: Fi/iure 38.-Semi-Evergreen forest b
Page 145 and 146: Figure U2.-Type of vegetation along
Page 147 and 148: Figure 46.-A transition /rcm Evergr
Page 149 and 150: Figu,-^ 50,-Two-needled pine (Pinus
Page 151 and 152: Figure 5*4. -Temperate Evergreen fo
Page 153 and 154: Figure 5&.-Mangrove wcodland submer
Page 155 and 156: **' r^- :Â'^T-^ w S 1^ '^^^^^>^s-
Page 157 and 158: Figure 66.-Fresh water swamp around
Page 159 and 160: Figxire 70.-Mixed Semi-Evergreen fo
Page 161 and 162: Figure Y'i.-Teak plantation (Tecton
Page 163 and 164:
'i-ure 'i';: .-Jeni-1'.ver-reer; fo
Page 165 and 166:
Figure 82.-'Krang' (Ficus altissima
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Figure 86.-Dipterocarp forest with
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» •*. -'- Figure 90.-Dry Diptero
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Figure 9^.-Forest road on heavy, re
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L~ure 96.-Clo.OG-;.p o;' branc'-er,
Page 175 and 176:
Figure 102.-Bamboo brake (Dendrocal
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if.ure iC/j.-v.'ooded savanna with
Page 179 and 180:
Figure 110.-Wooded pseudo-steppe wi
Page 181 and 182:
Figure II' 1 .-In deforested areas,
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Figure 116.-Deforested land, foregr
Page 185 and 186:
Figure 122.-Open Dtpterocarp forest
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Figure 12G.-.Secondary growth in Dr
Page 189 and 190:
Figure 130.-Dr. Robert A. Darrow, B
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.•••••^•^^ •-'-', ,1.
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CONTRIBUTION TOWARD A BIBLIOGRAPHY
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The author was Associate in Anthrop
Page 198 and 199:
. Notes on a camphor-yielding tree
Page 200 and 201:
An annotated bibliography of the So
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East Meets West in Thailand. 17 pp.
Page 204 and 205:
Bates, M. Observations on tue Distr
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development in South and Southeast
Page 208 and 209:
Bourret, R. Etudes ge'ologiques sur
Page 210 and 211:
Burkill, I. H. .Begonia hanifi'i, a
Page 212 and 213:
Tests were made in Gabon, West Afri
Page 214 and 215:
Chapman, V,J. The application of ae
Page 216 and 217:
Cooper, F. G, Munsell manual of col
Page 218 and 219:
. Orophea pclycarpa and Artabotrys
Page 220 and 221:
Deignan, H. G. Siara —land of fre
Page 222 and 223:
__ . Les Proble'mes d" utilisation
Page 224 and 225:
Fletcher, H.R, The Siamese Verbenac
Page 226 and 227:
in the Philippine Islands, launched
Page 228 and 229:
Gairdner, K. G. Notes on the fauna
Page 230 and 231:
arts, archaelogy and architecture;
Page 232 and 233:
Harvard .University Library. Indoch
Page 234 and 235:
A revision, including Thai species.
Page 236 and 237:
Beitrage zur Flora Thailand. Beih,
Page 238 and 239:
Hutchinson, J. Revision of Aspidopt
Page 240 and 241:
observations on 'The jungle coverin
Page 242 and 243:
adding a 25 percent severance tax t
Page 244 and 245:
Itetnircma brae teat a A.F.G. Kerr.
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peak in Thailand, and from Bangkok
Page 248 and 249:
Santiria and Canariuin. Bull. Jard.
Page 250 and 251:
This is a report on the economic co
Page 252 and 253:
The bibliography contains 12 titles
Page 254 and 255:
Markgraf, F. Monographie der Gat tu
Page 256 and 257:
is one of a series describing the n
Page 258 and 259:
. Agriculture in Thailand. 231 pp.
Page 260 and 261:
Munsell, A.E.G. MunseH Book of Colo
Page 262 and 263:
This is a compilation of survey dat
Page 264 and 265:
educed height growth. There was als
Page 266 and 267:
may hold back even 20 percent of th
Page 268 and 269:
an old name of the principal town,
Page 270 and 271:
Analyses of some Siamese laterites.
Page 272 and 273:
A cursory analysis of data gathered
Page 274 and 275:
Ratanaprasidhi, M. Forewt- Industri
Page 276 and 277:
A postscript treats with the future
Page 278 and 279:
. The Gesneriaceae of the Malay Pen
Page 280 and 281:
Robbe, E. Etude des lois d'accroise
Page 282 and 283:
a forest reserve at Kalat; and one
Page 284 and 285:
., and P. Tripetch. Liming experime
Page 286 and 287:
Satow, E.M., C.E.W. Stringer and ot
Page 288 and 289:
woods used mrdicinally or as source
Page 290 and 291:
Dipterocarpus obtusifolius is found
Page 292 and 293:
Stephens, W.M. Mangroves: Trees tha
Page 294 and 295:
; Tangraonkol. T. Yam bean cultivat
Page 296 and 297:
experiments on the forests of almos
Page 298 and 299:
. World peanut production at near-r
Page 300 and 301:
Wager, J.V.K. Uses of aerial photog
Page 302 and 303:
even though it does not tell MS muc
Page 304 and 305:
Williams, F.N. The botany of Siam.
Page 306 and 307:
G E N E R A L I N U E X Abies sp. A
Page 308 and 309:
Charcoal. — —59, '8 Charenmayou
Page 310 and 311:
Dwarf trees Dye 93 36,79 Dyera co_s
Page 312 and 313:
Juniper -92 Kabinburi Kachawng - 5
Page 314 and 315:
Monsoon i'orest . 3, M, 67,89 -32,3
Page 316 and 317:
Puerto Rico, vegetation 91 Pulse" r
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.'Si-' Tak ................. 6,27,3
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Vaccinium sp. ------29 Vaico 77 Val
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Vegetation of Southeast Asia Studies of Forest Types 1963-1965

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