Vegetation of Southeast Asia Studies of Forest Types 1963-1965

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The bibliography contains 12 titles. A list of 231 woody species cited in the text is also included. Macrnillan, H. F. Tropical planting and gardening with special reference to Ceylon. Ed. 4. i-x, l-5uO. illustr. 1935. A manual containing useful information on economic plants of the tropics, many of which occur in Thailand. Macnae, W. Mangrove Swamps in South Africa. J. Ecol. 51: 1-25. Feb. 1963 Ṫhe fauna and certain elements of the flora of the coast of Natal have been shown to have affinities with the tropical Indo- West Pacific. Studies at Inhaca island, off Lourenco Marques have indicated that the fauna and flora of the sheltered shores of this island are more tropical in affinity than those of the open ocean shores. This account of the mangrove swamps in estuaries along the shores of Natal and the area,s of the eastern Cap Province north of East London proves that tropical elements in the fauna can live in the sheltered water of estuaries at latitudes where the fauna of the open shores is a distinctly temperate one. From a study of aerial photographs of the shores of Gouth Africa it becomes clear that mangrove swamps are more rare than one might expect. Extensive mangroves occur only at the following places: at Kosi Bay close to the Mocambique border, where they extend alongside the channels about*1 mile from the mouth; at St.-Lucia, close to the old mouth of the Umbolosi river and alongside the bridge over the St. Lucia river; at Richard's Bay and the mouth of the Umlalazi river, also in Zululand; on a backwater of the estuary of the Umgeni river, Durban North; in Durban Bay, on Salisbury island and the adjacent mainland they were formerly much more extensive> at Isipingo; at the mouth of the Umngazana river to the south ot Port St. Johns and at the Umtata river mouth. Smaller areas of some significance occur at Sordinana Bay and at various localities in Poadoland. To the south of the Umtata river mouth there are only isolated clumps of trees at the Bashee and Nxanxo river mouths and a stand of occasional trees in a few estuaries to the southward. Descriptions are given of several mangrove swamps in Natal and Pondoland. It is demonstrated that in many ways the southernmost, of these are more typically zoned than the northern and that the atypical zonation is due to the presence of sand which appears to restrict the growth of certain species, notably Bruguiera, Rhizophora and Ceriops. Under conditions where freshwater influence is" strong, Bruguicra predominates and ^rows to 20 m; where the soil is well drained Lumnitzera may reach low intertidal levels. It is clearly, shown that where mangroves develop into a typical mangrove swamp they are accompanied by the same assemblage of animals, and that these animals with few exceptions do not extend to the south of the southernmost mangrove swanps. Most of these exceptions are only loosely associated with the mangroves. The
nangrove fauna, as such, is in fact a fauna of very sheltered marine shores and not an estuarine one, i.e. it is not a fauna • characteristic of regions with salinity gradients but of regions with a variable salinity. The article is accompanied by U figures, 2 tables 'and 16 references. Macnae, W., and M. Kalk. The Ecology of the Mangrove Swamps at Inhaca Island, Mocambique. J. Ecol. 50: 19-3^ • Feb. 1962. This paper discusses the mangrove swamps of Inhaca island, Mogambique. These mangroves are among the southernmost in the world. Two types of mangrove are recognized, a zoned mangrove focused c-i a creek or channel and a longshore mangrove with no zonation. Suggested reasons for this lack of zcnation are postulated. The zonation of animals is related to that of the plants and trees but it is deduced that the animals are only fortuitously associated with the mangrove trees and that their distribution as well as that of the trees is controlled by (a) level of water table; (b) resistance to water loss; and (c) correlated with this, the demand for protection from the sun; (d) the degree of consolidation of the substratum, and in addition the animals may be limited by (e) the availability in the upper layers of the substratun of a microflora, a microfauna and of organic debris suitable for food. Four illustrations arid 2 sketch maps of the nangrove swamp at the northern a:^d southern end of the island, ar.d 33 references are included. Mahaphol, 3. Teak in Thailand. Thailand Royal Forest Dept. Bangkok. Maliwan, P. i're treatment of rice seedlings in Chandaburi. Kasikorn 27(2;. 157-159- 195 1 *. Manjikul, A. Plant fibres (jute and others) of Thailand. Jour. Thailand Res. 3oc. Hat. Fast. Suppl. 12(.): 261-266. pi. 1-5. 19'»0. Largely economic data. _ . Manures and manuring of pepper. TV^ Natural History Bulletin of the Siarn Society lU (2): Ul-Ug. May '1^7. .. Discusses the results obtained by applying different types of manures. _ . Control of rice army worm. Kasikorn 26 (k): U21-U29. 1953. Tobacco and derris insecticides. Kasikorn 27 (U): 323-327. Marcan, A. The story of drugs with special reference to Siamese medicinal plants. Journ. Siam. Soc. Nat. Hist. Suppl. 7(2): 107-117. 1927. 235
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Rom D Number Author 0313 ° D Nnt S
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- VEGETATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIA STUD
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FOREWORD This Report on "The Vegeta
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I Page Forew
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Figure Page 31. Oblique view of Upp
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Figure ,_ . Page 8't. Basal part of
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Figure Page 132. Desiccating effect
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Summary This Report treats with the
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Laos. It enters Cambodia before it
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THAILAND Field Investigations Durin
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Peninsular Region - continued: Sout
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CLASSIFICATION OF TROPICAL FOREST T
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system based predominantly on struc
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there are usually three stories, of
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dominants of certain Consociations
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may prevail In widely separated reg
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critical. In general, wind velociti
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woody lianes, is another characteri
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woody lianes, is another characteri
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Gutta-percha of an inferior grade,
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Parkia speeiQsa, Hopea ferrea,Alsto
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This forest type is rather widespre
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Above U,000 ft. (1,200 m.), on the
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while those of Sonneratia, Avicenni
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On the landward margin of Mangrove
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(7) MIXED DECIDUOUS FOREST This for
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The Deciduous Dipterocarp forest is
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include: Bornbax (Salmalia) insigne
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1 , and around farmyards; the arnec
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Thailand is surrounded by the tall,
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usually 30 ft. (10 m.). r^e length
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Forest, covering an approximate are
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trunk or branches; and in a clearer
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Perhaps the most important factor i
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were of little practical value for
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It was decided to determine whether
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In the afternoon, we made a series
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a Mangrove swamp facilitates easy,
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PHYSIOGRAPHIC, CLIMATIC AND OTHER F
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the section of the Peninsula south
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The general surface is gently undul
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south. The highest peak is near Bet
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Dark tropical clay soils occur chie
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management based on a sustained yie
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depth of 3 feet (l m.) or more in m
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egion, about 20 percent; and in Nor
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These areas are now almost entirely
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The forests of South Vietnam contai
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mountains covering vast areas. The
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17th century. They have not been co
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in Thailand and Vietnam. Bat these
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ClImate; Laos has a tropical, clima
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Topography: The general physiograph
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forcing its impact. 03, tbe vegetat
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found also in western Cambodia in t
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Plant Families In Southeast Asia, P
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Thailand S. Vietnam Pjerto Rico Tex
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PART II FORESTS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA M
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^•4''- lT».o«n'*V>- M^ *"*V
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Figure 3.-Mountain ranges and river
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C F -20--w rr.":- -•—^ l-M-fgpp
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L A O S A N / 1 •*' ^ (, THAILAND
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'""} Nrfm (hnh" 7 ' '/ r -I „ s'^
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Figure 11..Major forest trpes of Vi
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Figure lU.-Bamboos and banana are t
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Figure 18.-The tall "yang khao 1 tr
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ife," ^'-tf/5fcr~ Figure 22.-Evergr
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Figure 26.-Upper or Hill Moist Ever
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Figure 30.-Profile of Lover Montane
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Figure 3^«-Aroids in low znoist si
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Fi/iure 38.-Semi-Evergreen forest b
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Figure U2.-Type of vegetation along
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Figure 46.-A transition /rcm Evergr
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Figu,-^ 50,-Two-needled pine (Pinus
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Figure 5*4. -Temperate Evergreen fo
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Figure 5&.-Mangrove wcodland submer
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**' r^- :^A'^T-^ w S 1^ '^^^^^>^s-
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Figure 66.-Fresh water swamp around
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Figxire 70.-Mixed Semi-Evergreen fo
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Figure Y'i.-Teak plantation (Tecton
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'i-ure 'i';: .-Jeni-1'.ver-reer; fo
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Figure 82.-'Krang' (Ficus altissima
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Figure 86.-Dipterocarp forest with
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» •*. -'- Figure 90.-Dry Diptero
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Figure 9^.-Forest road on heavy, re
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L~ure 96.-Clo.OG-;.p o;' branc'-er,
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Figure 102.-Bamboo brake (Dendrocal
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if.ure iC/j.-v.'ooded savanna with
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Figure 110.-Wooded pseudo-steppe wi
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Figure II' 1 .-In deforested areas,
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Figure 116.-Deforested land, foregr
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Figure 122.-Open Dtpterocarp forest
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Figure 12G.-.Secondary growth in Dr
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Figure 130.-Dr. Robert A. Darrow, B
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.•••••^•^^ •-'-', ,1.
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CONTRIBUTION TOWARD A BIBLIOGRAPHY
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The author was Associate in Anthrop
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. Notes on a camphor-yielding tree
Page 200 and 201:
An annotated bibliography of the So
Page 202 and 203: East Meets West in Thailand. 17 pp.
Page 204 and 205: Bates, M. Observations on tue Distr
Page 206 and 207: development in South and Southeast
Page 208 and 209: Bourret, R. Etudes ge'ologiques sur
Page 210 and 211: Burkill, I. H. .Begonia hanifi'i, a
Page 212 and 213: Tests were made in Gabon, West Afri
Page 214 and 215: Chapman, V,J. The application of ae
Page 216 and 217: Cooper, F. G, Munsell manual of col
Page 218 and 219: . Orophea pclycarpa and Artabotrys
Page 220 and 221: Deignan, H. G. Siara —land of fre
Page 222 and 223: __ . Les Proble'mes d" utilisation
Page 224 and 225: Fletcher, H.R, The Siamese Verbenac
Page 226 and 227: in the Philippine Islands, launched
Page 228 and 229: Gairdner, K. G. Notes on the fauna
Page 230 and 231: arts, archaelogy and architecture;
Page 232 and 233: Harvard .University Library. Indoch
Page 234 and 235: A revision, including Thai species.
Page 236 and 237: Beitrage zur Flora Thailand. Beih,
Page 238 and 239: Hutchinson, J. Revision of Aspidopt
Page 240 and 241: observations on 'The jungle coverin
Page 242 and 243: adding a 25 percent severance tax t
Page 244 and 245: Itetnircma brae teat a A.F.G. Kerr.
Page 246 and 247: peak in Thailand, and from Bangkok
Page 248 and 249: Santiria and Canariuin. Bull. Jard.
Page 250 and 251: This is a report on the economic co
Page 254 and 255: Markgraf, F. Monographie der Gat tu
Page 256 and 257: is one of a series describing the n
Page 258 and 259: . Agriculture in Thailand. 231 pp.
Page 260 and 261: Munsell, A.E.G. MunseH Book of Colo
Page 262 and 263: This is a compilation of survey dat
Page 264 and 265: educed height growth. There was als
Page 266 and 267: may hold back even 20 percent of th
Page 268 and 269: an old name of the principal town,
Page 270 and 271: Analyses of some Siamese laterites.
Page 272 and 273: A cursory analysis of data gathered
Page 274 and 275: Ratanaprasidhi, M. Forewt- Industri
Page 276 and 277: A postscript treats with the future
Page 278 and 279: . The Gesneriaceae of the Malay Pen
Page 280 and 281: Robbe, E. Etude des lois d'accroise
Page 282 and 283: a forest reserve at Kalat; and one
Page 284 and 285: ., and P. Tripetch. Liming experime
Page 286 and 287: Satow, E.M., C.E.W. Stringer and ot
Page 288 and 289: woods used mrdicinally or as source
Page 290 and 291: Dipterocarpus obtusifolius is found
Page 292 and 293: Stephens, W.M. Mangroves: Trees tha
Page 294 and 295: ; Tangraonkol. T. Yam bean cultivat
Page 296 and 297: experiments on the forests of almos
Page 298 and 299: . World peanut production at near-r
Page 300 and 301: Wager, J.V.K. Uses of aerial photog
Page 302 and 303:
even though it does not tell MS muc
Page 304 and 305:
Williams, F.N. The botany of Siam.
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G E N E R A L I N U E X Abies sp. A
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Charcoal. — —59, '8 Charenmayou
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Dwarf trees Dye 93 36,79 Dyera co_s
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Juniper -92 Kabinburi Kachawng - 5
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Monsoon i'orest . 3, M, 67,89 -32,3
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Puerto Rico, vegetation 91 Pulse" r
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.'Si-' Tak ................. 6,27,3
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Vaccinium sp. ------29 Vaico 77 Val
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Vegetation of Southeast Asia Studies of Forest Types 1963-1965

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