Vegetation of Southeast Asia Studies of Forest Types 1963-1965

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Timber species of commercial importance in the Rain forest of Thailand include: Afzelia bakeri Afzelia xylocarpa Ailanthuii fauveliana Amoora polystachya Anisojptera cocninchinensis Anisoptera glabra Artocorpus calophylla Artocarpus lakoocha Balanocarpus heimli Calophyllum floribundun Calophyllum inophyllum Calopliyllum pulcherrimm Cecrela toona Cjnnamomun iners Cotylelobium lanceolatum Dalbergia cochinchinensis D ipterocarpus alatus Dipterocarpus baudii Diptorocarpua costatus Dipterocarpus dyerii Dipterocarpus /;randiflorus Dipterocarpus incanus Dipterocarpus kerrii Dipterocarpus kunstleri Dipterocarpus pjlosus Diptero carpus turbinatus cochinchinensis Hopea ferrea Hopea odorata Hopea pierrei Ifopea re cope i Lagers troemi a balansae Lagerstroemia calyculata Lager stroemia I'los-reginae Litsea prandis Mcisua ferrea Michelia charnpaca Par ashore a stellata Phoebe panicuiata Sand or i cum inciicum Shorea cochincnir.ens is Shorea curtisji Chorea glauca Shorea gratissima Shorea guiso Shorea hypochra Shorea parvil'olia Shorea veisneri Vatica cinerea Vatlca wallichii Many minor forest products obtained from the Rain forest include: Rattans (Calauus species), which Tarnish splints exported for the manufacture of cane-seats and backs of chairs. The core remaining after the rigid outer part has been removed is used for making reed furniture and li^ht-weight baskets. Selected canes, for making walking sticks known as Malacca canes, are derived from Calanug scipionum, growing in southern peninsular Thailand. Rattans are also utilized extensively for lashing logs into rafts. Considerable quantities of rattans have long been exported to Singapore, the center for this forest product from various countries of Southeast Asia. Dammar resins are obtained from several species of the wood-oil family (Dipterocarpaceae), especially Balanoearpus hgjmii, Anisoptera spp., and Shorea hypochra. The best dammar, known as 'white dammar 1 and used in the manufacture of high grade varnish, is furnished by Balanocarpus tie imii . Gamboge gum, the product of Garoinia hanburyi, is a bright yellow resin of appreciable commercial importance, used especially as a coloring agent. 22
woody lianes, is another characteristic feature of this forest. Their massive stems (See Fig.23 ), often of great length, cling closely to tree trunks or hang loosely like cables from the topmost branches. Range; There are only limited areas in Southeast Asia with high precipitation, exceeding 150 inches annually, and uniformly scattered throughout the year; where atmospheric: moisture ranges up to 90 P 6^ cent; with a narrow diurnal or seasonal fluctuation in temperature; and where insolation or radiation is not high. Consequently, the true Rain forest is of limited extent and.distribution in Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. In Thailand Rain forest attains its optimum development along the southwest coast of the Peninsula, especially in the Chaklee mountains south of Ranongy around Takuapa, where the highest annual rainfall, exceeding 200 inches, in Thailand . has been recorded; and in isolated sites in the mountain ranges extending close to the border of Malaysia, Stands of this forest type occur also in the southeast in the mountain ranges of Khao Sa Bap and Khao Ban That, bordering Cambodia. Additional scattered sites, similar in structure and lifeform, and to some degree in floristic composition, are-found in isolated sites in the Khao Yai National Forest, in the central region of Thailand. In Cambodia the true Rain forest, as distinguished from the Moist Evergreen forest, has long been exploited to a considerable extent for timbers. So that today this dense forest is reduced to areas in the Cardamom and Elephant mountains in the southwest. Likewise, in part owing to extensive and intensive exploitation of timbers over a period of many centuries, and the widespread practice of shifting agriculture, Rain forest forms only a minor fraction of the vegetation in North Vietnam and in the southern section of South Vietnam. Annam, in central Vietnam, has long been considered the principal forested area and source of useful timbers in that divided country. We have no record of true Rain forest in Laos. Economic Importance: Unlike the Dipterocarp or Teak forests, or Savannas, which are burned over annually, Rain fox'est is usually not •affected by fire, or to any appreciable extent by shifting agriculture. Small patches, of
Page 1 and 2: Rom D Number Author 0313 ° D Nnt S
Page 4: - VEGETATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIA STUD
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD This Report on "The Vegeta
Page 9 and 10: TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I Page Forew
Page 11 and 12: Figure Page 31. Oblique view of Upp
Page 13 and 14: Figure ,_ . Page 8't. Basal part of
Page 15 and 16: Figure Page 132. Desiccating effect
Page 17 and 18: Summary This Report treats with the
Page 19 and 20: Laos. It enters Cambodia before it
Page 21 and 22: THAILAND Field Investigations Durin
Page 23 and 24: Peninsular Region - continued: Sout
Page 25 and 26: CLASSIFICATION OF TROPICAL FOREST T
Page 27 and 28: system based predominantly on struc
Page 29 and 30: there are usually three stories, of
Page 31 and 32: dominants of certain Consociations
Page 33 and 34: may prevail In widely separated reg
Page 35 and 36: critical. In general, wind velociti
Page 37: woody lianes, is another characteri
Page 41 and 42: Gutta-percha of an inferior grade,
Page 43 and 44: Parkia speeiQsa, Hopea ferrea,Alsto
Page 45 and 46: This forest type is rather widespre
Page 47 and 48: Above U,000 ft. (1,200 m.), on the
Page 49 and 50: while those of Sonneratia, Avicenni
Page 51 and 52: On the landward margin of Mangrove
Page 53 and 54: (7) MIXED DECIDUOUS FOREST This for
Page 55 and 56: The Deciduous Dipterocarp forest is
Page 57 and 58: include: Bornbax (Salmalia) insigne
Page 59 and 60: 1 , and around farmyards; the arnec
Page 61 and 62: Thailand is surrounded by the tall,
Page 63 and 64: usually 30 ft. (10 m.). r^e length
Page 65 and 66: Forest, covering an approximate are
Page 67 and 68: trunk or branches; and in a clearer
Page 69 and 70: Perhaps the most important factor i
Page 71 and 72: were of little practical value for
Page 73 and 74: It was decided to determine whether
Page 75 and 76: In the afternoon, we made a series
Page 77 and 78: a Mangrove swamp facilitates easy,
Page 79 and 80: PHYSIOGRAPHIC, CLIMATIC AND OTHER F
Page 81 and 82: the section of the Peninsula south
Page 83 and 84: The general surface is gently undul
Page 85 and 86: south. The highest peak is near Bet
Page 87 and 88: Dark tropical clay soils occur chie
Page 89 and 90:
management based on a sustained yie
Page 91 and 92:
depth of 3 feet (l m.) or more in m
Page 93 and 94:
egion, about 20 percent; and in Nor
Page 95 and 96:
These areas are now almost entirely
Page 97 and 98:
The forests of South Vietnam contai
Page 99 and 100:
mountains covering vast areas. The
Page 101 and 102:
17th century. They have not been co
Page 103 and 104:
in Thailand and Vietnam. Bat these
Page 105 and 106:
ClImate; Laos has a tropical, clima
Page 107 and 108:
Topography: The general physiograph
Page 109 and 110:
forcing its impact. 03, tbe vegetat
Page 111 and 112:
found also in western Cambodia in t
Page 113 and 114:
Plant Families In Southeast Asia, P
Page 115 and 116:
Thailand S. Vietnam Pjerto Rico Tex
Page 117 and 118:
PART II FORESTS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA M
Page 119 and 120:
^•4''- lT».o«n'*V>- M^ *"*V
Page 121 and 122:
Figure 3.-Mountain ranges and river
Page 123 and 124:
C F -20--w rr.":- -•—^ l-M-fgpp
Page 125 and 126:
L A O S A N / 1 •*' ^ (, THAILAND
Page 127 and 128:
'""} Nrfm (hnh" 7 ' '/ r -I „ s'^
Page 129 and 130:
Figure 11..Major forest trpes of Vi
Page 131 and 132:
Figure lU.-Bamboos and banana are t
Page 133 and 134:
Figure 18.-The tall "yang khao 1 tr
Page 135 and 136:
ife," ^'-tf/5fcr~ Figure 22.-Evergr
Page 137 and 138:
Figure 26.-Upper or Hill Moist Ever
Page 139 and 140:
Figure 30.-Profile of Lover Montane
Page 141 and 142:
Figure 3^«-Aroids in low znoist si
Page 143 and 144:
Fi/iure 38.-Semi-Evergreen forest b
Page 145 and 146:
Figure U2.-Type of vegetation along
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 46.-A transition /rcm Evergr
Page 149 and 150:
Figu,-^ 50,-Two-needled pine (Pinus
Page 151 and 152:
Figure 5*4. -Temperate Evergreen fo
Page 153 and 154:
Figure 5&.-Mangrove wcodland submer
Page 155 and 156:
**' r^- :^A'^T-^ w S 1^ '^^^^^>^s-
Page 157 and 158:
Figure 66.-Fresh water swamp around
Page 159 and 160:
Figxire 70.-Mixed Semi-Evergreen fo
Page 161 and 162:
Figure Y'i.-Teak plantation (Tecton
Page 163 and 164:
'i-ure 'i';: .-Jeni-1'.ver-reer; fo
Page 165 and 166:
Figure 82.-'Krang' (Ficus altissima
Page 167 and 168:
Figure 86.-Dipterocarp forest with
Page 169 and 170:
» •*. -'- Figure 90.-Dry Diptero
Page 171 and 172:
Figure 9^.-Forest road on heavy, re
Page 173 and 174:
L~ure 96.-Clo.OG-;.p o;' branc'-er,
Page 175 and 176:
Figure 102.-Bamboo brake (Dendrocal
Page 177 and 178:
if.ure iC/j.-v.'ooded savanna with
Page 179 and 180:
Figure 110.-Wooded pseudo-steppe wi
Page 181 and 182:
Figure II' 1 .-In deforested areas,
Page 183 and 184:
Figure 116.-Deforested land, foregr
Page 185 and 186:
Figure 122.-Open Dtpterocarp forest
Page 187 and 188:
Figure 12G.-.Secondary growth in Dr
Page 189 and 190:
Figure 130.-Dr. Robert A. Darrow, B
Page 191 and 192:
.•••••^•^^ •-'-', ,1.
Page 194 and 195:
CONTRIBUTION TOWARD A BIBLIOGRAPHY
Page 196 and 197:
The author was Associate in Anthrop
Page 198 and 199:
. Notes on a camphor-yielding tree
Page 200 and 201:
An annotated bibliography of the So
Page 202 and 203:
East Meets West in Thailand. 17 pp.
Page 204 and 205:
Bates, M. Observations on tue Distr
Page 206 and 207:
development in South and Southeast
Page 208 and 209:
Bourret, R. Etudes ge'ologiques sur
Page 210 and 211:
Burkill, I. H. .Begonia hanifi'i, a
Page 212 and 213:
Tests were made in Gabon, West Afri
Page 214 and 215:
Chapman, V,J. The application of ae
Page 216 and 217:
Cooper, F. G, Munsell manual of col
Page 218 and 219:
. Orophea pclycarpa and Artabotrys
Page 220 and 221:
Deignan, H. G. Siara —land of fre
Page 222 and 223:
__ . Les Proble'mes d" utilisation
Page 224 and 225:
Fletcher, H.R, The Siamese Verbenac
Page 226 and 227:
in the Philippine Islands, launched
Page 228 and 229:
Gairdner, K. G. Notes on the fauna
Page 230 and 231:
arts, archaelogy and architecture;
Page 232 and 233:
Harvard .University Library. Indoch
Page 234 and 235:
A revision, including Thai species.
Page 236 and 237:
Beitrage zur Flora Thailand. Beih,
Page 238 and 239:
Hutchinson, J. Revision of Aspidopt
Page 240 and 241:
observations on 'The jungle coverin
Page 242 and 243:
adding a 25 percent severance tax t
Page 244 and 245:
Itetnircma brae teat a A.F.G. Kerr.
Page 246 and 247:
peak in Thailand, and from Bangkok
Page 248 and 249:
Santiria and Canariuin. Bull. Jard.
Page 250 and 251:
This is a report on the economic co
Page 252 and 253:
The bibliography contains 12 titles
Page 254 and 255:
Markgraf, F. Monographie der Gat tu
Page 256 and 257:
is one of a series describing the n
Page 258 and 259:
. Agriculture in Thailand. 231 pp.
Page 260 and 261:
Munsell, A.E.G. MunseH Book of Colo
Page 262 and 263:
This is a compilation of survey dat
Page 264 and 265:
educed height growth. There was als
Page 266 and 267:
may hold back even 20 percent of th
Page 268 and 269:
an old name of the principal town,
Page 270 and 271:
Analyses of some Siamese laterites.
Page 272 and 273:
A cursory analysis of data gathered
Page 274 and 275:
Ratanaprasidhi, M. Forewt- Industri
Page 276 and 277:
A postscript treats with the future
Page 278 and 279:
. The Gesneriaceae of the Malay Pen
Page 280 and 281:
Robbe, E. Etude des lois d'accroise
Page 282 and 283:
a forest reserve at Kalat; and one
Page 284 and 285:
., and P. Tripetch. Liming experime
Page 286 and 287:
Satow, E.M., C.E.W. Stringer and ot
Page 288 and 289:
woods used mrdicinally or as source
Page 290 and 291:
Dipterocarpus obtusifolius is found
Page 292 and 293:
Stephens, W.M. Mangroves: Trees tha
Page 294 and 295:
; Tangraonkol. T. Yam bean cultivat
Page 296 and 297:
experiments on the forests of almos
Page 298 and 299:
. World peanut production at near-r
Page 300 and 301:
Wager, J.V.K. Uses of aerial photog
Page 302 and 303:
even though it does not tell MS muc
Page 304 and 305:
Williams, F.N. The botany of Siam.
Page 306 and 307:
G E N E R A L I N U E X Abies sp. A
Page 308 and 309:
Charcoal. — —59, '8 Charenmayou
Page 310 and 311:
Dwarf trees Dye 93 36,79 Dyera co_s
Page 312 and 313:
Juniper -92 Kabinburi Kachawng - 5
Page 314 and 315:
Monsoon i'orest . 3, M, 67,89 -32,3
Page 316 and 317:
Puerto Rico, vegetation 91 Pulse" r
Page 318 and 319:
.'Si-' Tak ................. 6,27,3
Page 320:
Vaccinium sp. ------29 Vaico 77 Val
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Vegetation of Southeast Asia Studies of Forest Types 1963-1965

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