Vegetation of Southeast Asia Studies of Forest Types 1963-1965

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Harvard .University Library. Indochina: selected list of references. Harvard Univ. 108 pp. 19^0. Heinsdijk, D. Forest type mapping with the help of aerial photographs in the tropics. Tropical Woods. 102: 2f-k6 pp. 1 figs. 3 tables. Oct. 15, 1955. Technically, the construction of topographical maps only by ground survey in tropics, covered with dense forests, has become definitely obsolete. Aerial survey has largely replaced ground survey in these regions. Nevertheless the necessity of making forest inventories of email area* without the aid of aerial Photographs is still common practice in the tropics. The study of the possibilities of replacing forest inventories, at least in part, by pure photo-interpretation ia still in its infancy. The Forest Service of Guiana has adopted the following systems. Detailed topographical maps are first prepared from aerial pictures. These are used as basis for forest type maps made by photo-interpretation and ground reconnaissance sampling. The forest type maps are then used to carry out such detailed inventory as may be necessary. The Supterintendent do Piano ce Valorizacao Economica da Amazonia initiated the inventory and forest research work of the Amazonian forests. In this work they are assisted by the Food atid Agriculture Organization of the United Nations with a teara of technicians. The team has at its disposition numerous trimetrogon-aerial-photographs, taken by flyers from the United States of A.nerj.ca. By using these pictures to advantage, an attempt is being made to locate valuable forests, where better (vertical) aerial survey work is rrifcjst needed, and what kind of inventories should next be done. Owing to the very simple topography and the large areas where forest t^pes are more or less constant in composition, the results of this work are very promising. literature cited contains 6 references. Heller, R.C., G.E. Doverspike and R.C. Aldrich. Indentification of Tree Gpecies on large-scale -Panchromatic and Color Aerial Photographs. Agriculture Handbook No. 26l. 17 pp. illusbr. Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. July 196^. This report describes results of research conducted near Ely, Minn., in July 19^>0, and indicates the best type of film and scale combination to identify tree species. Tnese results should be applicable not only to inventories of timber but also to other projects, such as to assess damage to forests by destructive enemies, to appraise forest wildlife habitat, or to expedite forest management. Data are given on study area and species; methods of obtaining data, by gathering ground and aerial information; office procedures and photo interpretation: and results obtained. A discussion and conclusions are included. The authors maintain that color film is superior to panchromatic 21U
film for use in identifying individual tree species. People are accustomed to seeing and identifying objects not only by shape and form but also by color. A forester trained to recognize trees by morphological features also associates a color with that tree. The cost of using color film at large scales should be little more than that required for panchromatic film. w hile color film costs five times as much as panchromatic film, the important point is that film cost is only a small fraction of the total cost of aerial photography. When we consider equal aircraft costs, the same standby time for the flight crew, elimination of the need for prints, and reduction cf photo handling by interpreting color film in rolls, the extra cost of color film is minor. Increased interpretation obtained from color film would counterbalance the slight increase in cost. Tree species were identified accurately enough on color film at large scales to suggest the possibility of using it in actual inventory problems. Further study, especially to associate crown and foliage characteristics of trees with age and physiographic features, should be helpful in improving identification of woody species. Literature cited contains 9 references. A list of species, arranged according to the most frequently identified features on color photographs (l:158U scale), is also included. • Hertsley, W. B. a. Achilus siamensis Hemsl. Hook. Icon. P1.-2U: pi. 2370. 1895. A new species from Thailand. Thail£ind Plants. Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. 1695 (98): 38-39. 1895 Ṅotes or collection by F.H. Smiles and description of Achilus n. gen. (Zingiberaceae), with A. siamensis n. sp. . Phyllanthodendrpn mirabilis Hemsl. Hook. Icon. PI. 26: pi. 2563 and 2564. 1899~ New genus and species from Thailand, Henderson, M.R. The genus Eugenia (Myrtaceae) in Malaya. Card. Bull. Singapore 12; (l) : . 292. figs. April 1U9. A systematic treatment, including the Thai species. Henry, T. A. The treatment of leprosy by vegetable oils. Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. 1926: 17-23. pi. 3,^. 1926. Includes references to the botanical origin of xhe oils used, mostly from Hydnocarpus from Thailand. Hesse-Karcegg, E. yon. Urwulder und Nutzbaume der hinterindischen, Tropen. Oesterr. Forst.- & Jagdz. 16: 193-195. 1938. Hill, A.W. The ênua Strychnos in India and the East, Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. 1917: 121-210,pp. 20 figs. 1917. 215
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Rom D Number Author 0313 ° D Nnt S
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- VEGETATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIA STUD
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FOREWORD This Report on "The Vegeta
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I Page Forew
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Figure Page 31. Oblique view of Upp
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Figure ,_ . Page 8't. Basal part of
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Figure Page 132. Desiccating effect
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Summary This Report treats with the
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Laos. It enters Cambodia before it
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THAILAND Field Investigations Durin
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Peninsular Region - continued: Sout
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CLASSIFICATION OF TROPICAL FOREST T
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system based predominantly on struc
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there are usually three stories, of
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dominants of certain Consociations
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may prevail In widely separated reg
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critical. In general, wind velociti
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woody lianes, is another characteri
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woody lianes, is another characteri
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Gutta-percha of an inferior grade,
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Parkia speeiQsa, Hopea ferrea,Alsto
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This forest type is rather widespre
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Above U,000 ft. (1,200 m.), on the
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while those of Sonneratia, Avicenni
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On the landward margin of Mangrove
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(7) MIXED DECIDUOUS FOREST This for
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The Deciduous Dipterocarp forest is
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include: Bornbax (Salmalia) insigne
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1 , and around farmyards; the arnec
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Thailand is surrounded by the tall,
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usually 30 ft. (10 m.). rê length
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Forest, covering an approximate are
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trunk or branches; and in a clearer
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Perhaps the most important factor i
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were of little practical value for
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It was decided to determine whether
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In the afternoon, we made a series
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a Mangrove swamp facilitates easy,
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PHYSIOGRAPHIC, CLIMATIC AND OTHER F
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the section of the Peninsula south
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The general surface is gently undul
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south. The highest peak is near Bet
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Dark tropical clay soils occur chie
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management based on a sustained yie
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depth of 3 feet (l m.) or more in m
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egion, about 20 percent; and in Nor
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These areas are now almost entirely
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The forests of South Vietnam contai
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mountains covering vast areas. The
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17th century. They have not been co
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in Thailand and Vietnam. Bat these
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ClImate; Laos has a tropical, clima
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Topography: The general physiograph
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forcing its impact. 03, tbe vegetat
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found also in western Cambodia in t
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Plant Families In Southeast Asia, P
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Thailand S. Vietnam Pjerto Rico Tex
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PART II FORESTS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA M
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^•4''- lT».o«n'*V>- M^ *"*V
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Figure 3.-Mountain ranges and river
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C F -20--w rr.":- -•—^ l-M-fgpp
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L A O S A N / 1 •*' ^ (, THAILAND
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'""} Nrfm (hnh" 7 ' '/ r -I „ s'^
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Figure 11..Major forest trpes of Vi
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Figure lU.-Bamboos and banana are t
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Figure 18.-The tall "yang khao 1 tr
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ife," ^'-tf/5fcr~ Figure 22.-Evergr
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Figure 26.-Upper or Hill Moist Ever
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Figure 30.-Profile of Lover Montane
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Figure 3^«-Aroids in low znoist si
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Fi/iure 38.-Semi-Evergreen forest b
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Figure U2.-Type of vegetation along
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Figure 46.-A transition /rcm Evergr
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Figu,-^ 50,-Two-needled pine (Pinus
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Figure 5*4. -Temperate Evergreen fo
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Figure 5&.-Mangrove wcodland submer
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**' r^- :Â'^T-^ w S 1^ '^^^^^>^s-
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Figure 66.-Fresh water swamp around
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Figxire 70.-Mixed Semi-Evergreen fo
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Figure Y'i.-Teak plantation (Tecton
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'i-ure 'i';: .-Jeni-1'.ver-reer; fo
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Figure 82.-'Krang' (Ficus altissima
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Figure 86.-Dipterocarp forest with
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» •*. -'- Figure 90.-Dry Diptero
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Figure 9^.-Forest road on heavy, re
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L~ure 96.-Clo.OG-;.p o;' branc'-er,
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Figure 102.-Bamboo brake (Dendrocal
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if.ure iC/j.-v.'ooded savanna with
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Figure 110.-Wooded pseudo-steppe wi
Page 181 and 182: Figure II' 1 .-In deforested areas,
Page 183 and 184: Figure 116.-Deforested land, foregr
Page 185 and 186: Figure 122.-Open Dtpterocarp forest
Page 187 and 188: Figure 12G.-.Secondary growth in Dr
Page 189 and 190: Figure 130.-Dr. Robert A. Darrow, B
Page 191 and 192: .•••••^•^^ •-'-', ,1.
Page 194 and 195: CONTRIBUTION TOWARD A BIBLIOGRAPHY
Page 196 and 197: The author was Associate in Anthrop
Page 198 and 199: . Notes on a camphor-yielding tree
Page 200 and 201: An annotated bibliography of the So
Page 202 and 203: East Meets West in Thailand. 17 pp.
Page 204 and 205: Bates, M. Observations on tue Distr
Page 206 and 207: development in South and Southeast
Page 208 and 209: Bourret, R. Etudes ge'ologiques sur
Page 210 and 211: Burkill, I. H. .Begonia hanifi'i, a
Page 212 and 213: Tests were made in Gabon, West Afri
Page 214 and 215: Chapman, V,J. The application of ae
Page 216 and 217: Cooper, F. G, Munsell manual of col
Page 218 and 219: . Orophea pclycarpa and Artabotrys
Page 220 and 221: Deignan, H. G. Siara —land of fre
Page 222 and 223: __ . Les Proble'mes d" utilisation
Page 224 and 225: Fletcher, H.R, The Siamese Verbenac
Page 226 and 227: in the Philippine Islands, launched
Page 228 and 229: Gairdner, K. G. Notes on the fauna
Page 230 and 231: arts, archaelogy and architecture;
Page 234 and 235: A revision, including Thai species.
Page 236 and 237: Beitrage zur Flora Thailand. Beih,
Page 238 and 239: Hutchinson, J. Revision of Aspidopt
Page 240 and 241: observations on 'The jungle coverin
Page 242 and 243: adding a 25 percent severance tax t
Page 244 and 245: Itetnircma brae teat a A.F.G. Kerr.
Page 246 and 247: peak in Thailand, and from Bangkok
Page 248 and 249: Santiria and Canariuin. Bull. Jard.
Page 250 and 251: This is a report on the economic co
Page 252 and 253: The bibliography contains 12 titles
Page 254 and 255: Markgraf, F. Monographie der Gat tu
Page 256 and 257: is one of a series describing the n
Page 258 and 259: . Agriculture in Thailand. 231 pp.
Page 260 and 261: Munsell, A.E.G. MunseH Book of Colo
Page 262 and 263: This is a compilation of survey dat
Page 264 and 265: educed height growth. There was als
Page 266 and 267: may hold back even 20 percent of th
Page 268 and 269: an old name of the principal town,
Page 270 and 271: Analyses of some Siamese laterites.
Page 272 and 273: A cursory analysis of data gathered
Page 274 and 275: Ratanaprasidhi, M. Forewt- Industri
Page 276 and 277: A postscript treats with the future
Page 278 and 279: . The Gesneriaceae of the Malay Pen
Page 280 and 281: Robbe, E. Etude des lois d'accroise
Page 282 and 283:
a forest reserve at Kalat; and one
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., and P. Tripetch. Liming experime
Page 286 and 287:
Satow, E.M., C.E.W. Stringer and ot
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woods used mrdicinally or as source
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Dipterocarpus obtusifolius is found
Page 292 and 293:
Stephens, W.M. Mangroves: Trees tha
Page 294 and 295:
; Tangraonkol. T. Yam bean cultivat
Page 296 and 297:
experiments on the forests of almos
Page 298 and 299:
. World peanut production at near-r
Page 300 and 301:
Wager, J.V.K. Uses of aerial photog
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even though it does not tell MS muc
Page 304 and 305:
Williams, F.N. The botany of Siam.
Page 306 and 307:
G E N E R A L I N U E X Abies sp. A
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Charcoal. — —59, '8 Charenmayou
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Dwarf trees Dye 93 36,79 Dyera co_s
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Juniper -92 Kabinburi Kachawng - 5
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Monsoon i'orest . 3, M, 67,89 -32,3
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Puerto Rico, vegetation 91 Pulse" r
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.'Si-' Tak ................. 6,27,3
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Vaccinium sp. ------29 Vaico 77 Val
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Vegetation of Southeast Asia Studies of Forest Types 1963-1965

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