Vegetation of Southeast Asia Studies of Forest Types 1963-1965

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The task of studying the vegetation of Southeast Asia, and the preparation of the accumulated data into a final Report would not have been possible without the cooperation of many kind friends. It is impossible to acknowledge individually all who have assisted in one form or another in this Project. But a word of gratitude is due to Mr. T.W. Brundage, director, Lieut. Col. W. R, Scheible, Captain John Kelly, Jr., and other staff members of the Bangkok office of Advanced Research Projects Agency, who . arranged travel and other facilities during the two field missions carried out in 1963-6U and 196^-65. Acknowledgment is made of the fine cooperation given by Mr. Dusit Banijbhatana, Director-General of the Royal Forest Department of Thailand; Mr. 1>=n Smitinand, taxonomist in the Forest Department; and the Divisional, Provincial and other forest officers contacted in the interior in the course of the field investigations. To Professor Thiera Komkris, Dean of the School of Forestry at Kasetsart University, I owe gratitude for permitting Professor Preecha Charenmayou to accompany me, as interpreter and assistant, on most of the field trips conducted during December 1964 to February 1965. Mr. Preecha's familiarity with the vegetation of Thailand and his many personal contacts in the interior were of invaluable aid in the pursuit of the field studies. I am also indebted to the National Agricultural Library of the Department of Agriculture, particularly the Beltsvillc Branch, in making available the large number of references reviewed; and to the Photo Laboratory at the Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, for preparing the series of photographic prints reproduced. And finally, I am grateful to the staff members of the Crops Research Division for their cooperation, and particularly to those who have persevered to prepare this and other, progress, reports related to the Project. ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I Page Foreword — i Acknowledgements •-- ---. —,— ti Southeast Asia - Summary —--—------_. —.___--__—>_-_ 1 Thailand .- Field investigations 5 Classification of Tropical forests 9 Criteria for classification 11 Climax "o.*mations Ik Southeast Asia - Forest types — 17 Evergreen forests —---' :___:. 17 Deciduous forests . 33 Ground studies of Thai forests 1*4 Aerial studies of tropical forests — • hC Tests with defoliants in Thailand — 56 Hazardous vegetation ; £8 Southeast Asia - Physiographic, climatic and other features 61 Thailand' ul Vietnam - - 71 Cambodia 82 Laos — 85 Southeast Asia, Puerto Rico and Texas - Analogous features 88 Southeast Asia - Forests, illustrations 99 PART II Figure MAPS and ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Southeast Asia - map --i 101 2. Physiographic regions of Thailand - map 102 3. Mountain ranges and river system of Thailand. - map - 103 iii
Page 1 and 2: Rom D Number Author 0313 ° D Nnt S
Page 4: - VEGETATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIA STUD
Page 7: FOREWORD This Report on "The Vegeta
Page 11 and 12: Figure Page 31. Oblique view of Upp
Page 13 and 14: Figure ,_ . Page 8't. Basal part of
Page 15 and 16: Figure Page 132. Desiccating effect
Page 17 and 18: Summary This Report treats with the
Page 19 and 20: Laos. It enters Cambodia before it
Page 21 and 22: THAILAND Field Investigations Durin
Page 23 and 24: Peninsular Region - continued: Sout
Page 25 and 26: CLASSIFICATION OF TROPICAL FOREST T
Page 27 and 28: system based predominantly on struc
Page 29 and 30: there are usually three stories, of
Page 31 and 32: dominants of certain Consociations
Page 33 and 34: may prevail In widely separated reg
Page 35 and 36: critical. In general, wind velociti
Page 37 and 38: woody lianes, is another characteri
Page 39 and 40: woody lianes, is another characteri
Page 41 and 42: Gutta-percha of an inferior grade,
Page 43 and 44: Parkia speeiQsa, Hopea ferrea,Alsto
Page 45 and 46: This forest type is rather widespre
Page 47 and 48: Above U,000 ft. (1,200 m.), on the
Page 49 and 50: while those of Sonneratia, Avicenni
Page 51 and 52: On the landward margin of Mangrove
Page 53 and 54: (7) MIXED DECIDUOUS FOREST This for
Page 55 and 56: The Deciduous Dipterocarp forest is
Page 57 and 58: include: Bornbax (Salmalia) insigne
Page 59 and 60:
1 , and around farmyards; the arnec
Page 61 and 62:
Thailand is surrounded by the tall,
Page 63 and 64:
usually 30 ft. (10 m.). r^e length
Page 65 and 66:
Forest, covering an approximate are
Page 67 and 68:
trunk or branches; and in a clearer
Page 69 and 70:
Perhaps the most important factor i
Page 71 and 72:
were of little practical value for
Page 73 and 74:
It was decided to determine whether
Page 75 and 76:
In the afternoon, we made a series
Page 77 and 78:
a Mangrove swamp facilitates easy,
Page 79 and 80:
PHYSIOGRAPHIC, CLIMATIC AND OTHER F
Page 81 and 82:
the section of the Peninsula south
Page 83 and 84:
The general surface is gently undul
Page 85 and 86:
south. The highest peak is near Bet
Page 87 and 88:
Dark tropical clay soils occur chie
Page 89 and 90:
management based on a sustained yie
Page 91 and 92:
depth of 3 feet (l m.) or more in m
Page 93 and 94:
egion, about 20 percent; and in Nor
Page 95 and 96:
These areas are now almost entirely
Page 97 and 98:
The forests of South Vietnam contai
Page 99 and 100:
mountains covering vast areas. The
Page 101 and 102:
17th century. They have not been co
Page 103 and 104:
in Thailand and Vietnam. Bat these
Page 105 and 106:
ClImate; Laos has a tropical, clima
Page 107 and 108:
Topography: The general physiograph
Page 109 and 110:
forcing its impact. 03, tbe vegetat
Page 111 and 112:
found also in western Cambodia in t
Page 113 and 114:
Plant Families In Southeast Asia, P
Page 115 and 116:
Thailand S. Vietnam Pjerto Rico Tex
Page 117 and 118:
PART II FORESTS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA M
Page 119 and 120:
^•4''- lT».o«n'*V>- M^ *"*V
Page 121 and 122:
Figure 3.-Mountain ranges and river
Page 123 and 124:
C F -20--w rr.":- -•—^ l-M-fgpp
Page 125 and 126:
L A O S A N / 1 •*' ^ (, THAILAND
Page 127 and 128:
'""} Nrfm (hnh" 7 ' '/ r -I „ s'^
Page 129 and 130:
Figure 11..Major forest trpes of Vi
Page 131 and 132:
Figure lU.-Bamboos and banana are t
Page 133 and 134:
Figure 18.-The tall "yang khao 1 tr
Page 135 and 136:
ife," ^'-tf/5fcr~ Figure 22.-Evergr
Page 137 and 138:
Figure 26.-Upper or Hill Moist Ever
Page 139 and 140:
Figure 30.-Profile of Lover Montane
Page 141 and 142:
Figure 3^«-Aroids in low znoist si
Page 143 and 144:
Fi/iure 38.-Semi-Evergreen forest b
Page 145 and 146:
Figure U2.-Type of vegetation along
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 46.-A transition /rcm Evergr
Page 149 and 150:
Figu,-^ 50,-Two-needled pine (Pinus
Page 151 and 152:
Figure 5*4. -Temperate Evergreen fo
Page 153 and 154:
Figure 5&.-Mangrove wcodland submer
Page 155 and 156:
**' r^- :^A'^T-^ w S 1^ '^^^^^>^s-
Page 157 and 158:
Figure 66.-Fresh water swamp around
Page 159 and 160:
Figxire 70.-Mixed Semi-Evergreen fo
Page 161 and 162:
Figure Y'i.-Teak plantation (Tecton
Page 163 and 164:
'i-ure 'i';: .-Jeni-1'.ver-reer; fo
Page 165 and 166:
Figure 82.-'Krang' (Ficus altissima
Page 167 and 168:
Figure 86.-Dipterocarp forest with
Page 169 and 170:
» •*. -'- Figure 90.-Dry Diptero
Page 171 and 172:
Figure 9^.-Forest road on heavy, re
Page 173 and 174:
L~ure 96.-Clo.OG-;.p o;' branc'-er,
Page 175 and 176:
Figure 102.-Bamboo brake (Dendrocal
Page 177 and 178:
if.ure iC/j.-v.'ooded savanna with
Page 179 and 180:
Figure 110.-Wooded pseudo-steppe wi
Page 181 and 182:
Figure II' 1 .-In deforested areas,
Page 183 and 184:
Figure 116.-Deforested land, foregr
Page 185 and 186:
Figure 122.-Open Dtpterocarp forest
Page 187 and 188:
Figure 12G.-.Secondary growth in Dr
Page 189 and 190:
Figure 130.-Dr. Robert A. Darrow, B
Page 191 and 192:
.•••••^•^^ •-'-', ,1.
Page 194 and 195:
CONTRIBUTION TOWARD A BIBLIOGRAPHY
Page 196 and 197:
The author was Associate in Anthrop
Page 198 and 199:
. Notes on a camphor-yielding tree
Page 200 and 201:
An annotated bibliography of the So
Page 202 and 203:
East Meets West in Thailand. 17 pp.
Page 204 and 205:
Bates, M. Observations on tue Distr
Page 206 and 207:
development in South and Southeast
Page 208 and 209:
Bourret, R. Etudes ge'ologiques sur
Page 210 and 211:
Burkill, I. H. .Begonia hanifi'i, a
Page 212 and 213:
Tests were made in Gabon, West Afri
Page 214 and 215:
Chapman, V,J. The application of ae
Page 216 and 217:
Cooper, F. G, Munsell manual of col
Page 218 and 219:
. Orophea pclycarpa and Artabotrys
Page 220 and 221:
Deignan, H. G. Siara —land of fre
Page 222 and 223:
__ . Les Proble'mes d" utilisation
Page 224 and 225:
Fletcher, H.R, The Siamese Verbenac
Page 226 and 227:
in the Philippine Islands, launched
Page 228 and 229:
Gairdner, K. G. Notes on the fauna
Page 230 and 231:
arts, archaelogy and architecture;
Page 232 and 233:
Harvard .University Library. Indoch
Page 234 and 235:
A revision, including Thai species.
Page 236 and 237:
Beitrage zur Flora Thailand. Beih,
Page 238 and 239:
Hutchinson, J. Revision of Aspidopt
Page 240 and 241:
observations on 'The jungle coverin
Page 242 and 243:
adding a 25 percent severance tax t
Page 244 and 245:
Itetnircma brae teat a A.F.G. Kerr.
Page 246 and 247:
peak in Thailand, and from Bangkok
Page 248 and 249:
Santiria and Canariuin. Bull. Jard.
Page 250 and 251:
This is a report on the economic co
Page 252 and 253:
The bibliography contains 12 titles
Page 254 and 255:
Markgraf, F. Monographie der Gat tu
Page 256 and 257:
is one of a series describing the n
Page 258 and 259:
. Agriculture in Thailand. 231 pp.
Page 260 and 261:
Munsell, A.E.G. MunseH Book of Colo
Page 262 and 263:
This is a compilation of survey dat
Page 264 and 265:
educed height growth. There was als
Page 266 and 267:
may hold back even 20 percent of th
Page 268 and 269:
an old name of the principal town,
Page 270 and 271:
Analyses of some Siamese laterites.
Page 272 and 273:
A cursory analysis of data gathered
Page 274 and 275:
Ratanaprasidhi, M. Forewt- Industri
Page 276 and 277:
A postscript treats with the future
Page 278 and 279:
. The Gesneriaceae of the Malay Pen
Page 280 and 281:
Robbe, E. Etude des lois d'accroise
Page 282 and 283:
a forest reserve at Kalat; and one
Page 284 and 285:
., and P. Tripetch. Liming experime
Page 286 and 287:
Satow, E.M., C.E.W. Stringer and ot
Page 288 and 289:
woods used mrdicinally or as source
Page 290 and 291:
Dipterocarpus obtusifolius is found
Page 292 and 293:
Stephens, W.M. Mangroves: Trees tha
Page 294 and 295:
; Tangraonkol. T. Yam bean cultivat
Page 296 and 297:
experiments on the forests of almos
Page 298 and 299:
. World peanut production at near-r
Page 300 and 301:
Wager, J.V.K. Uses of aerial photog
Page 302 and 303:
even though it does not tell MS muc
Page 304 and 305:
Williams, F.N. The botany of Siam.
Page 306 and 307:
G E N E R A L I N U E X Abies sp. A
Page 308 and 309:
Charcoal. — —59, '8 Charenmayou
Page 310 and 311:
Dwarf trees Dye 93 36,79 Dyera co_s
Page 312 and 313:
Juniper -92 Kabinburi Kachawng - 5
Page 314 and 315:
Monsoon i'orest . 3, M, 67,89 -32,3
Page 316 and 317:
Puerto Rico, vegetation 91 Pulse" r
Page 318 and 319:
.'Si-' Tak ................. 6,27,3
Page 320:
Vaccinium sp. ------29 Vaico 77 Val
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