E N S W - United Nations Development Programme

3.6 India’s Supreme Court issues a progressive verdict mandating seats for
disadvantaged children in private schools 79
3.7 Bangladesh makes dramatic advances in child survival 81
3.8 Strengthening social protection in Turkey 83
3.9 Conditional cash transfer programmes and Mexico’s Oportunidades 84
3.10 Why New York City looked South for antipoverty policy advice 85
4.1 Why population prospects will likely differ in the Republic of Korea and India 88
4.2 China and Ghana: who benefits from the demographic dividend 100
5.1 The shifting line between public and private in transportation 106
5.2 A world parliament for global democracy 112
5.3 Regional finance in Asia: Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralization and the
Asian Development Bank 114
5.4 CAF: a Latin American development bank 115
Figures
1 Acceleration of growth on the HDI 12
2 More than 40 countries of the South had greater gains on the HDI between
1990 and 2012 than would have been predicted from their previous
performance on the HDI 12
3 Brazil, China and India combined are projected to account for 40% of global
output by 2050, up from 10% in 1950 13
4 The middle class in the South is projected to continue to grow 14
5 The exponential rise in Internet use in the South has been most notable over
the past decade 15
6 At least 15 developing countries have substantial trading relationships with
more than 100 trade partners as both exporters and importers 16
7 Official foreign exchange reserves by country group 18
1.1 Income per capita is rising to varying degrees in all four HDI groups 26
1.2 Sub-Saharan Africa has sustained income growth over the last decade 26
1.3 The lower the HDI value, the larger the gap between income poverty and
multidimensional poverty 29
1.4 There is notable variation among countries in the gap between income
poverty and multidimensional poverty 30
1.5 Losses due to inequality in HDI and its components 31
1.6 Most regions show declining inequality in health and education and rising
inequality in income 32
1.7 Few countries show both the high HDI and low ecological footprint required
for sustainable human development 35
1.8 Development is not always accompanied by a rise in military spending 40
2.1 As a share of world merchandise trade, South–South trade more than tripled
over 1980–2011, while North–North trade declined 46
2.2 Foreign direct investment flows to and from the South have veered sharply
upward since the 1990s 47
2.3 Between 2000 and 2010, Internet use grew more than 30% a year in around
60 developing countries 50
2.4 Export earnings per capita and human development are highly correlated 52
2.5 Current foreign direct investment is positively associated with achievements
in health and education in previous years 53
2.6 Emerging market economies have amassed large foreign exchange reserves
since 1995 58
3.1 Some countries have performed well on both the nonincome and the income
dimensions of the HDI 63
3.2 Current HDI values and previous public expenditures are positively correlated . . . 71
3.3 . . . as are current child survival and previous public expenditure on health 71
4.1 Under the fast track scenario, education outcomes are enhanced 92
4.2 In most countries, employment opportunities have not kept pace with
educational attainment 93
4.3 At each HDI level, some countries have greater carbon productivity than others 94
4.4 Different environmental scenarios have different impacts on extreme poverty 96
4.5 Education policies can alter dependency ratios 98
4.6 Populations are ageing more rapidly in developing countries 101
4.7 Human development prospects for 2050 are greater under the accelerated
progress scenario, especially for low HDI countries 101
4.8 Human development outcomes through 2050 improve more under the
accelerated progress scenario 102
4.9 Advances in GDP per capita through 2050 are especially strong under the
accelerated progress scenario 103
5.1 Under the accelerated progress scenario, the largest projected increases in
the Human Development Index are in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia 118
5.2 Allocating a small fraction of the international reserves of the nine G20
countries of the South could provide substantial additional resources for
public investment in infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia 118
Maps
1.1 There is a small negative connotation between homicide rates and HDI values 39
2.1 Thailand’s export expansion, 1995–2011 45
Tables
1.1 HDI and components, by region and HDI group, 2012 25
1.2 Top five countries that rank better on the HDI than on gross national income
per capita in 2012 27
1.3 Inequality and satisfaction with freedom of choice and community 38
2.1 Least developed countries’ trade with China, 2000–2001 and 2010–2011 46
2.2 Different models of development partnerships 56
3.1 Selected developing countries that registered large reductions in HDI shortfall
or high rates of growth in gross national income per capita, 1990–2012 64
3.2 Share of world exports of goods and services of high achievers in human
development, 1985–1990 and 2005–2010 75
4.1 Under-five mortality rate and total fertility rate by mother’s education level 89
4.2 Projected number of deaths of children under age 5, by education scenario,
2010–2015, 2025–2030 and 2045–2050 90
4.3 Population in extreme poverty under the environmental disaster scenario,
by region, 2010–2050 96
4.4 Trends in dependency ratios, selected countries, 1970–2050 99
4.5 Number of people in extreme poverty by region and selected countries, base
case and accelerated progress scenarios, 2010–2050 103
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