E N S W - United Nations Development Programme

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Good policymaking requires greater focus on enhancing social capacities, not just individual capabilities What worked in one country might have stood little chance in another. Nevertheless, the most successful countries have demonstrated that innovative and sometimes counterintuitive options can work. Paying parents to take their children to health clinics may seem unnecessary, but as the case of Mexico illustrates, it can work to improve children’s health; its conditional cash transfer programmes have sparked interest around the world. Similarly, using a mobile phone for banking made eminent sense in Kenya and the Philippines to people who had never had a personal bank account before and often lived nowhere near a bank office. The countries of the South have thus been using their own ideas and energy to create a new momentum for human development. In a complex global political, economic and social environment, however, this dynamism may still not yield sustainable outcomes. Already there are signs of rising inequality and frustrated expectations that could lead to violent social strife. And there are serious concerns that overexploitation of global resources combined with the effects of climate change could wreck the earth for future generations. That is why this Report has also focused on what is needed to ensure that human development proceeds in ways that are both productive and sustainable. This includes measures aimed at enhancing equity, enabling voice and participation, confronting environmental pressures and managing demographic change. Addressing these issues will demand considerable skill and commitment from national governments and civil society. As this chapter has argued, it will also demand much more fruitful global cooperation as national governments, international organizations and a nascent global civil society feel their way towards new models of mutual understanding and cooperation. Some of these will involve refashioning existing institutions to accommodate a new global power balance. Others may take any number of new institutional forms. Through all this, the fundamental principles of human development endure. As ever, the aim is to expand the choices and capabilities for everyone, wherever they live. Many countries of the South have already demonstrated what can be done, but they have gone only part of the way. For the years ahead, this Report suggests five broad conclusions. Rising economic strength in the South must be matched by a full commitment to human development Investments in human development are justified not only on moral grounds, but also because good health, education and social welfare are key to success in a more competitive and dynamic world economy. In particular, these investments should target the poor— connecting them to markets and increasing their livelihood opportunities. Poverty is an injustice that can and should be remedied by determined action. There are sufficient global resources to achieve that goal, if they are directed towards that purpose. Good policymaking also requires greater focus on enhancing social capacities, not just individual capabilities. Individuals function within social institutions that can limit or enhance their development potential. Policies that change social norms that limited human potential, such as new legal strictures against early marriages or dowry requirements, can open up additional opportunities for individuals to reach their full potential. As this Report highlights, one consequence of the rise of the South is that most countries now have growing policy and fiscal space to set bold targets—to eliminate poverty, push for full employment commitments and innovate towards low-carbon pathways. More countries are unencumbered by conditionalities often attached to international aid and resource transfers, and the recent rise in commodity prices has reversed the long decline in terms of trade faced by many primary goods producers. 50 This provides a cushion of resources that can be managed in ways that enhance national human development by governments committed to avoiding the “resource curse”. Projections presented in chapter 4 reinforce this point. They show that with strong commitment to human development and prudent macroeconomic policies, it is possible to reduce poverty dramatically in Sub-Saharan Africa—a region where baseline scenarios show a likely future increase in the number of poor people 120 | HUMAN DevELOPMENT REPORT 2013
ecause population growth outpaces economic growth. Less developed countries can learn and benefit from the success of emerging economies in the South The unprecedented accumulation of financial reserves and sovereign wealth funds in the South ($6.8 trillion) as well as the North ($3.3 trillion) provides an opportunity to accelerate broad-based progress. Even a small portion of these funds dedicated to human development and poverty eradication could have a large effect. As mentioned, public investment in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa could increase to 11.7% of GDP using just 3% of international reserves from some of the largest economies in the South. At the same time, South–South trade and investment flows can leverage foreign markets in new ways, such as participating in regional and global value chains to facilitate the spread of ideas and technologies. Burgeoning South– South trade and investment in particular can lay the basis for shifting manufacturing capacity to other less developed regions and countries. Recent Chinese and Indian joint ventures and startup manufacturing investments in Africa serve as a prelude to a much expanded force that this potential represents. To harness the full extent of this potential, new and innovative institutions may be called for. International production networks provide opportunities to speed up the development process by allowing countries to leap-frog to more sophisticated production nodes while offering the double benefit of protection against the vagaries of foreign exchange fluctuations. South–South development cooperation and technology transfer hold immense potential to support human development. Technology transfers from the North require costly adaptation due to differences in absorptive capacity, but technological transfers within the South are more likely to need little adaptation and to involve more-appropriate technologies and products. Growing markets in developing countries provide companies in the South an opportunity to mass market innovative and affordable versions of standard products, including food, clothing, appliances and motor vehicles. Importantly, the sharp drop in the price of capital goods as a result of intense global competition led by China and India could accelerate the creation of manufacturing production capacities in many developing countries. Such production can be adapted to the income levels and tastes of local consumers. This dynamic has the potential to provide the poor access to consumer goods, while innovators create jobs and develop producer capabilities. New institutions and new partnerships can facilitate regional integration and South–South relationships New institutions and partnerships can help countries share knowledge, experiences and technology. In finance and aid, the South is already actively establishing regional governance institutions. Regional alternatives to the IMF, such as the Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralization and the Latin American Reserve Fund, have freed up policy space for countries to protect national priorities while also addressing balance- of-payments problems and short-term liquidity issues. The foundations exist for strong regional institutions, but more can be done to accelerate and deepen these relationships and ensure inclusiveness. As wealthy countries have curtailed aid to address domestic issues, regional development banks and bilateral aid relationships provide additional resources for development projects. These new aid mechanisms also tend to emphasize pragmatism over ideology. Infrastructure development banks, for example, offer new possibilities for development finance. Brazil, China, India, the Russian Federation and South Africa have proposed a development bank to mobilize their considerable reserves to finance projects across developing countries. Building infrastructure would be an important use of such reserves. Trade with other developing countries now accounts for a majority of merchandise and manufactures exports from developing countries, and these exports are increasingly skilland technology-intensive. Stronger institutions are now needed to facilitate these South– South trade and investment links. Expanded The foundations exist for strong regional institutions, but more can be done to accelerate and deepen these relationships and ensure inclusiveness Chapter 5 Governance and partnerships for a new era | 121
Page 1 and 2:
W N S E Human Development Report 20
Page 3 and 4:
Human Development Report 2013 The R
Page 5 and 6:
Human Development Report 2013 Team
Page 7 and 8:
Finally, the Report also calls for
Page 9 and 10:
Musa, Thangaval Palanivel, Anuradha
Page 11 and 12:
3.6 India’s Supreme Court issues
Page 13 and 14:
Overview One of the most heartening
Page 15 and 16:
Human Development Report also stres
Page 17 and 18:
sudden opening but of gradual and s
Page 19 and 20:
two scenarios for 2010-2050: a base
Page 21 and 22:
messages and demands challenge gove
Page 23 and 24:
Introduction When developed economi
Page 25 and 26:
leading economies—Brazil, China a
Page 27 and 28:
comparable access to information, e
Page 29 and 30:
mobile phones: cellular banking is
Page 32 and 33:
“The political problem of mankind
Page 34 and 35:
Box 1.1 Fairness, macroeconomics an
Page 36 and 37:
Box 1.3 Amartya Sen, Nobel Laureate
Page 38 and 39:
Figure 1.1 Income per capita is ris
Page 40 and 41:
Box 1.4 Subjective indicators of we
Page 42 and 43:
Figure 1.4 There is notable variati
Page 44 and 45:
Figure 1.6 Most regions show declin
Page 46 and 47:
Progress in human development achie
Page 48 and 49:
Box 1.7 Social competencies: human
Page 50 and 51:
Table 1.3 Inequality and satisfacti
Page 52 and 53:
Not all countries have the precondi
Page 54 and 55:
“When the music changes, so does
Page 56 and 57:
Box 2.1 The South’s integration w
Page 58 and 59:
Figure 2.1 As a share of world merc
Page 60 and 61:
Box 2.2 Acquisitions by the South o
Page 62 and 63:
Figure 2.3 Between 2000 and 2010, I
Page 64 and 65:
Figure 2.4 Export earnings per capi
Page 66 and 67:
Box 2.6 Final assembly is about mor
Page 68 and 69:
Instead of having a centre of indus
Page 70 and 71:
Figure 2.6 Emerging market economie
Page 72 and 73:
developing countries trade more amo
Page 74 and 75:
“We cannot expect that all nation
Page 76 and 77:
Table 3.1 Selected developing count
Page 78 and 79:
A common feature of countries that
Page 80 and 81:
More important than getting prices
Page 82 and 83: Box 3.5 Eastern Europe and Central
Page 84 and 85: states have to be conscious that th
Page 86 and 87: As countries develop, they tend to
Page 88 and 89: Having weathered the Asian financia
Page 90 and 91: providing public services that cont
Page 92 and 93: Advancing health requires more than
Page 94 and 95: Universal public health and educati
Page 96 and 97: • China. The Minimum Livelihood G
Page 98 and 99: “Each generation will reap what t
Page 100 and 101: concerns will make for a complex en
Page 102 and 103: A greater emphasis on education can
Page 104 and 105: Figure 4.1 Under the fast track sce
Page 106 and 107: Around the world people are calling
Page 108 and 109: Figure 4.4 Different environmental
Page 110 and 111: Figure 4.5 Education policies can a
Page 112 and 113: Box 4.2 China and Ghana: who benefi
Page 114 and 115: Figure 4.8 countries thus converge
Page 116 and 117: “Let us join hands to try to crea
Page 118 and 119: Areas of global international conce
Page 120 and 121: Addressing climate change requires
Page 122 and 123: International governance is increas
Page 124 and 125: Box 5.2 Jo Leinen, Member of the Eu
Page 126 and 127: facilitates reserve investments and
Page 128 and 129: esponsible sovereignty takes the lo
Page 130 and 131: Figure 5.1 Under the accelerated pr
Page 134 and 135: a fair and less unequal world requi
Page 137 and 138: Notes Overview 1 Atsmon and others
Page 139 and 140: 25 Blinder 2006. 26 UNIDO 2009. 27
Page 141 and 142: which is 61.7 deaths per 1,000 live
Page 143 and 144: References Abdurazakov, A., A. Mins
Page 145 and 146: urban_world_cities_and_the_rise_of_
Page 147 and 148: Kamau, P., D. McCormick, and N. Pin
Page 149 and 150: Labor Administration. Geneva: Inter
Page 151 and 152: Human Development Report 2013 The R
Page 153 and 154: Statistical acknowledgements The Re
Page 155 and 156: Key to HDI countries and ranks, 201
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Statistical references ADB (Asian D
Page 213 and 214:
Core features of the model pertinen
Page 215 and 216:
Countries and HDI ranks in 2012 and
show all

E N S W - United Nations Development Programme

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?