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International governance is increasingly influenced by a multitude of voices and actors through global movements and transnational activist networks developing countries. Developed countries should welcome these changes, as the success of the South extends benefits to the North and advances the prosperity of all. Indeed, some intergovernmental processes would be invigorated by greater participation from the South, which can bring substantial financial, technological and human resources. Emerging economies could lead in achieving the Millennium Development Goals, innovating in climate change mitigation and concluding the Doha development round. Global organizations that are more representative of the world’s countries would in principle be accountable to the world’s people through national governments. However, state mediation alone is inadequate. International governance is increasingly influenced by a multitude of voices and actors through global movements and transnational activist networks. Indeed, this has been the thrust of antiglobalization movements, sometimes self-described as “global democracy” movements, which cut across a range of issues, articulate diverse concerns and embrace an almost endless variety of political messages but share the basic concern of making transnational power and governance accountable to civil society. To this end, today’s multilateral institutions are encouraged to recalibrate their representation and guiding principles, in areas such as: • Voice. Matching the circles of stakeholders and decisionmakers so that all have an effective voice in global matters that concern them. • Public goods. Building bridges across organizational lines to facilitate the multilevel, multisector, multiactor production that many global public goods require. • Leadership. Encouraging global leaders, state and nonstate, individually or collectively, to exercise leadership to assist the international community on issues that are caught in global policy stalemates and problems that are reaching crisis proportions. • Convening. Realigning existing organizations to reflect changing global economic and political realities, and vesting them with the authority and expertise to effectively mediate among different stakeholders. • Information and resources. Helping poorer countries in the South participate more effectively in global governance through better access to information, technical assistance and finance. • Citizen participation. Drawing on the wealth of ideas and views emerging from citizen networks and from participants previously sidelined from the global discourse. International organizations are becoming more inclusive and sensitive to the requirements of a rapidly changing world. The United Nations Economic and Social Council, for example, has established the Development Cooperation Forum to promote more broadbased discussion of development assistance. There is scope for renewed multilateralism. However, there have been only modest governance reforms at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The United Nations Security Council’s core structure remains unchanged, despite decades of debate. More-determined reform is needed for multilateral institutions to facilitate cross-national collaboration on stalemated global issues in ways viewed as fair and just by all countries. Global civil society International governance institutions can be held to account not just by member states, but also by global civil society, which can shape the exercise of power and act as a countervailing force to states and markets. All kinds of voluntary associations—including nongovernmental organizations, social movements, advocacy groups, unions and community groups—have used channels of influence such as elections, lobbying, media and public campaigns to become drivers of social change within many leading countries of the South—including Brazil, Egypt, India and South Africa. In the Indian state of Kerala a rich history of civic engagement influenced the government to prioritize extensive social rights and equity- promoting public policies. In Brazil, the Sanitarista movement of health care professionals played a central role in developing the country’s public health care system and expanding services to the poor. 24 National civil society groups are increasingly using their experience engaging with national governments to open up independent 110 | HUMAN DevELOPMENT REPORT 2013
networks of North–South and South–South dialogues outside traditional official international governance channels. These transnational networks are laying the groundwork for an emerging global civil society that is pushing for action on issues ranging from climate change to migration policy to human rights. The potential for global civil society to influence decisionmaking on critical global issues has been greatly magnified by the Internet revolution, which enables hyperconnectivity of disparate groups and offers platforms for citizens’ ideas and concerns to spread rapidly around the globe. People can speak to people, and communities of scientists and other professionals can share ideas, unmediated by state power or markets. This new ease of global communication is fuelling creative partnerships, empowering individuals and social organizations, leading to new forms of solidarity and allowing people to interact and express their values internationally. The recent uprisings in several Arab States countries, the culmination of complex historical developments, have shown that social media is a force that world leaders and global institutions ignore at their peril. The rapid spread and wide response to the video Kony 2012, about indicted war criminal Joseph Kony of the Lord’s Resistance Army, showed that social media can engage many millions of people in discussion of important issues within days. 25 There may be disagreement over the legitimacy of particular concerns and platforms, but the rapid sharing of information across social networks clearly sways public opinion on issues that matter to the global citizenry and ultimately influences international governance. Indeed, one of the most valuable tools of global civil society is the ability to diffuse new norms that transform the behaviour of state and private actors. By taking up and framing issues and pressuring states, civil society networks can put new issues on the table and influence government and international action towards new treaties, stronger enforcement mechanisms and even direct intervention. Classic examples of civil society influence on global norms include the global diffusion of the women’s suffrage movement, the antislavery movement and the Red Cross movement that led to the production of the Geneva conventions and the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. More recently, global civil society networks have been influential in institutionalizing anti–land mine legislation, more open access to AIDS medicines and campaigns opposing violence against women. While global civil society holds much potential for influencing international governance norms and decisionmaking, the likely contribution of civil society organizations and transnational networks should be kept in perspective. Higher levels of resourcing lead the international nongovernmental organizations of the North to wield disproportionate influence in the global civil society space. 26 The international human rights regime, for example, often emphasizes civil and political rights, which are of particular concern to civil society in Eastern Europe, rather than social rights, which figure much more centrally in the demands of popular movements in the South. Limitations on civic space as well as other constraints can affect the capacity of civil society organizations to function. 27 A further consideration is one of transparency, as it can be unclear how autonomous civil society groups are from state and market forces. When civil society organizations become extensions of state power, economic influence or traditional authority, civil society activity may magnify rather than reduce inequalities and instability. 28 The future legitimacy of international governance will depend on the capabilities of institutions to engage with citizen networks and communities—understanding their concerns and borrowing from their ideas and approaches to find direction for their own efforts and energies. Such engagement will maximize the legitimacy of their actions and ensure accountability to the citizens of member states (box 5.2). The idea of ecological citizenship, for example, may be a promising way to construct from the ground up global public opinion on the provisioning of global public goods. 29 To be effective, international organizations need to form productive partnerships with social media communities and nongovernmental organizations in the South and North alike. They should engage with citizen groups to support policy changes and a transition towards more-equitable principles and institutions of global civil society has the ability to diffuse new norms that transform the behaviour of state and private actors Chapter 5 Governance and partnerships for a new era | 111
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W N S E Human Development Report 20
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Human Development Report 2013 The R
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Human Development Report 2013 Team
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Finally, the Report also calls for
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Musa, Thangaval Palanivel, Anuradha
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3.6 India’s Supreme Court issues
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Overview One of the most heartening
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Human Development Report also stres
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sudden opening but of gradual and s
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two scenarios for 2010-2050: a base
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messages and demands challenge gove
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Introduction When developed economi
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leading economies—Brazil, China a
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comparable access to information, e
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mobile phones: cellular banking is
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“The political problem of mankind
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Box 1.1 Fairness, macroeconomics an
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Box 1.3 Amartya Sen, Nobel Laureate
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Figure 1.1 Income per capita is ris
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Box 1.4 Subjective indicators of we
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Figure 1.4 There is notable variati
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Figure 1.6 Most regions show declin
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Progress in human development achie
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Box 1.7 Social competencies: human
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Table 1.3 Inequality and satisfacti
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Not all countries have the precondi
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“When the music changes, so does
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Box 2.1 The South’s integration w
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Figure 2.1 As a share of world merc
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Box 2.2 Acquisitions by the South o
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Figure 2.3 Between 2000 and 2010, I
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Figure 2.4 Export earnings per capi
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Box 2.6 Final assembly is about mor
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Instead of having a centre of indus
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Figure 2.6 Emerging market economie
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Page 94 and 95: Universal public health and educati
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Page 114 and 115: Figure 4.8 countries thus converge
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Page 124 and 125: Box 5.2 Jo Leinen, Member of the Eu
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Page 137 and 138: Notes Overview 1 Atsmon and others
Page 139 and 140: 25 Blinder 2006. 26 UNIDO 2009. 27
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Page 143 and 144: References Abdurazakov, A., A. Mins
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Page 153 and 154: Statistical acknowledgements The Re
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Statistical references ADB (Asian D
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Core features of the model pertinen
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Countries and HDI ranks in 2012 and
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