E N S W - United Nations Development Programme

in table 7. Table 8 comprises standard education indicators
along with indicators on education quality, including average
test scores (and deviations from the average scores) in reading,
mathematics and science. The education quality indicators are
based on standardized tests assigned to 15-year-old students by
the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development–managed
Programme on International Student Assessment
using the 2009 dataset for 63 UN Member States. Two
additional indicators of education quality, primary education
teachers trained to teach and a perception-based indicator of
satisfaction with the quality of education, complement the testbased
quality indicators.
Table 9’s data on social integration indicate whether a society
is inclusive and integrated. In particular, indicators show
the extent of equal rights and opportunities for employment,
overall inequality, human safety, and trust and community
satisfaction. Complementary objective indicators and perception-based
indicators allow for a more nuanced picture of
social integration. Life, freedom and job satisfaction focus on
individuals’ views of their personal conditions, while trust in
people and government, along with community satisfaction,
give insight into people’s satisfaction with broader society.
The extent to which a country is integrated into the global
economy is reflected in table 10. A distinction between trade
in final goods and trade in parts and components is made to
capture the phenomenon of global value added and production
sharing, which have important policy implications for
the growth of world trade and for economic development in
countries of the South.
Indicators on two aspects of globalization: capital flows and
human mobility are shown in table 11. Increasing foreign
investment is one measure of growing economic globalization.
Migration is an opportunity for work and to send funds back
home while expanding the labour force in recipient countries.
Human mobility in all forms is also a potential factor in
cross-cultural understanding.
Table 12 captures the importance of investment in research
and development to advancing human development and building
country capacities to effectively adopt and use technologies.
Table 13 sheds light on environmental sustainability. It shows
the proportion of fossil fuels and renewable energy sources in
the energy supply, presents three ways of looking at carbon
dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions data and shows important
measures for ecosystems and natural resources. The table
also presents indicators on the direct human impacts of changes
to the physical environment.
Major population indicators needed to understand current
population conditions and the direction of changes are presented
in table 14. Statistics on median age of the population, dependency
ratios and total fertility rates can be compared to assess the
burden on the labour force and the ability of societies to sustain
themselves. Deviations from the natural sex ratio at birth have
implications for population replacement levels and indicate
gender bias and potential future social and economic problems.
142 | Human Development Report 2013