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Space Shuttle Program Historic Properties 3-4
NASA Kennedy Space Center
shuttle orbiter and increased its safety. More than 29 different shuttle designs were
analyzed in 1971 before the final design was chosen in 1972 (Williamson 1999:167,
172). In addition to the adoption of an external propellant, NASA selected a parallel burn
solid rocket motor configuration for the shuttle (Baker 1973:344, 350).
Concurrent with the shuttle design studies, a search for a launch and recovery site for the
shuttle was conducted. By 1970, NASA received over 100 unsolicited bids from across
the U.S., and choosing a launch site had become a political issue. To facilitate the
selection process, the Ralph M. Parsons Company in Los Angeles was awarded a
$380,000 contract to review potential locations. Also, a 14-member Space Shuttle
Facilities Group was established to select the final site. After nearly a year of study, on
April 14, 1972, NASA announced KSC in Florida and Vandenberg Air Force Base
(AFB) in California as the two launching sites (Ezell 1998). Numerous variables, such as
booster recovery, launch azimuth limitations, latitude and altitude effects on launch, and
impact on present and future programs were taken into account by NASA. The fact that
NASA has already invested over $1 billion in launch facilities at KSC made it a logical
choice. KSC would be used for easterly launches, accounting for most missions;
Vandenberg would be used for polar launches, accounting for most Air Force missions.
Like KSC, where existing facilities could be modified and reused, the Vandenberg
Launch Site (VLS) already housed a launch and landing site, Space Launch Complex Six
(SLC-6), built for the Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) Program which was cancelled
in 1969 (Jenkins 2001:155).
3.4 Shuttle Development and Testing
NASA gave responsibility for developing the orbiter and overall management of the SSP
to the MSC in Houston, based on the Center’s experience with the Orbiter. MSFC was
responsible for development of the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME), SRBs, the ET,
and for all propulsion-related tasks. Engineering design support continued at MSC,
MSFC and NASA Langley (Jenkins 2001:122), and engine tests were to be performed at
NASA’s Mississippi National Space Technology Laboratories (NSTL, later named
Stennis Space Center [SSC]) and at the Air Force’s Rocket Propulsion Laboratory in
California (the Santa Susana Field Laboratory [SSFL]). KSC, responsible for designing
the launch and recovery facilities, was to develop methods for shuttle assembly,
checkout, and launch operations (Ezell 1988: Table 2-57; Williamson 1999:172-174).
On January 5, 1972, President Richard Nixon instructed NASA to proceed with the
design and building of a partially reusable space shuttle consisting of a reusable orbiter,
three reusable main engines, two reusable SRBs, and one non-reusable external liquid
fuel tank. NASA’s administrators vowed that the shuttle would fly at least 50 times a
year, making space travel economical and safe.
Originally, a seven year development period was planned, resulting in full operational
activities beginning in mid-1979. However, the shuttle development program formally
took nine years. In a seeming prediction of future events, David Baker noted, in 1971,
October 2007
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