References1. LeBlanc, A.D., et al., Skeletal responses to space flight and the bed rest analog:a review. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 2007. 7(1): p. 33-47.2. Giangregorio, L. and N. McCartney, Bone loss and muscle atrophy in spinal cordinjury: epidemiology, fracture prediction, and rehabilitation strategies. J SpinalCord Med, 2006. 29(5): p. 489-500.3. Myint, P.K., K.E. Poole, and E.A. Warburton, Hip fractures after stroke and theirprevention. Qjm, 2007. 100(9): p. 539-45.4. Boonyapakorn, T., et al., Bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaws:Prospective study of 80 patients with multiple myeloma and other malignancies.Oral Oncol, 2008.5. Rossouw, J.E., et al., Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthypostmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiativerandomized controlled trial. Jama, 2002. 288(3): p. 321-33.6. Anderson, G.L., et al., Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausalwomen with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlledtrial. Jama, 2004. 291(14): p. 1701-12.7. Shumaker, S.A., et al., Conjugated equine estrogens and incidence of probabledementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: Women'sHealth Initiative Memory Study. Jama, 2004. 291(24): p. 2947-58.8. Shumaker, S.A., et al., Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementiaand mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: the Women's HealthInitiative Memory Study: a randomized controlled trial. Jama, 2003. 289(20): p.2651-62.9. Abrahamsen, B., Adverse Effects of Bisphosphonates. Calcif Tissue Int, epubahead of print 2010.10. Hodsman, A.B., et al., Parathyroid hormone and teriparatide for the treatment ofosteoporosis: a review of the evidence and suggested guidelines for its use.Endocr Rev, 2005. 26(5): p. 688-703.11. Blick, S.K., S. Dhillon, and S.J. Keam, Spotlight on teriparatide in osteoporosis.BioDrugs, 2009. 23(3): p. 197-9.12. Schuler, M. and D.R. Green, Mechanisms of p53-dependent apoptosis. BiochemSoc Trans, 2001. 29(Pt 6): p. 684-8.13. Nelson, R.A., Winter sleep in the black bear. A physiologic and metabolic marvel.Mayo Clin Proc, 1973. 48(10): p. 733-7.136
14. Kaneps, A.J., S.M. Stover, and N.E. Lane, Changes in canine cortical andcancellous bone mechanical properties following immobilization andremobilization with exercise. Bone, 1997. 21(5): p. 419-23.15. Allen, M.R., H.A. Hogan, and S.A. Bloomfield, Differential bone and musclerecovery following hindlimb unloading in skeletally mature male rats. JMusculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 2006. 6(3): p. 217-25.16. Harvey, K.B., T.D. Drummer, and S.W. Donahue, The tensile strength of blackbear (Ursus americanus) cortical bone is not compromised with aging despiteannual periods of hibernation. J Biomech, 2005. 38(11): p. 2143-50.17. Harvey, K.B. and S.W. Donahue, Bending properties, porosity, and ash fractionof black bear (Ursus americanus) cortical bone are not compromised with agingdespite annual periods of disuse. J Biomech, 2004. 37(10): p. 1513-20.18. McGee-Lawrence, M.E., et al., Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) and blackbears (Ursus americanus) prevent trabecular bone loss during disuse(hibernation). Bone, 2009. 45(6): p. 1186-91.19. Pardy, C.K.W., G.R.; Ukrainetz, P.J.; Sawers, A.; Boyd, S.K.; Zernicke, R.F.,Maintenance of bone mass and architecture in denning black bears (Ursusamericanus). J. Zool. Lond., 2004. 263: p. 359-64.20. McGee, M.E., et al., Decreased bone turnover with balanced resorption andformation prevent cortical bone loss during disuse (hibernation) in grizzly bears(Ursus arctos horribilis). Bone, 2008. 42(2): p. 396-404.21. McGee-Lawrence, M.E., et al., Six months of disuse during hibernation does notincrease intracortical porosity or decrease cortical bone geometry, strength, ormineralization in black bear (Ursus americanus) femurs. J Biomech, 2009.42(10): p. 1378-83.22. Robling, A.G., A.B. Castillo, and C.H. Turner, Biomechanical and molecularregulation of bone remodeling. Annu Rev Biomed Eng, 2006. 8: p. 455-98.23. Sample, S.J., et al., Functional adaptation to loading of a single bone isneuronally regulated and involves multiple bones. J Bone Miner Res, 2008.23(9): p. 1372-81.24. Nijweide, P.B., EH. Klein Nulend, J. Van der Plas, A. , The osteocyte, inPrinciples of Bone Biology, J.R. Bilezikian, LG. Rodan, GA., Editor. 1996, NewYork: Academic. p. 115-26.25. Burger, E.H. and J. Klein-Nulen, Responses of bone cells to biomechanicalforces in vitro. Adv Dent Res, 1999. 13: p. 93-8.26. Parfitt, A.M., The cellular basis of bone remodeling: the quantum conceptreexamined in light of recent advances in the cell biology of bone. Calcif TissueInt, 1984. 36 Suppl 1: p. S37-45.137
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EXPLORATION OF THE ROLE OF SERUM FA
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Table of contentsIndex of Figures .
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Chapter Four - Attempts to find an
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Index of figures1.1. Simplified sch
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6.17. Longitudinal analysis of OPG
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6.49. Longitudinal analysis of ColI
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A.2. Complete list of BSALP correla
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List of abbreviationsα-MEM. Alpha-
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PCR. Polymerase chain reactionPer1
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G2/M checkpoint. The point in the c
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Species names13-lined ground squirr
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Chapter One - Background and signif
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1.3 Bone turnover is unbalanced dur
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pro-apoptosis regulator BAX. An imp
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low-dose administration of parathyr
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decrease in bone trabecular thickne
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experience periodic arousals in whi
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ears must have evolved a mechanism
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1.7.6 Hypothesis 2: OCN interacts w
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ain, heart, and femoral muscle of h
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Hypothesis 3a: Serum concentrations
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were released. Behavior indicating
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2.3 ResultsSerum activity of the bo
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(p
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post-hibernation sampling in the be
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also unclear whether ucOCN may affe
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atios of intact to fragmented OCN m
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Table 2.3—Bone marker “seasonal
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Table 2.7—Chemistry panel “seas
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ABNormalized BSALPBSALP (U/L)CO N D
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Total Calcium (mg/dL)A1.21.151.11.0
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ABTotal OCN (ng/mL)150100500O N D J
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Adiponectin (ng/mL)AB40003500300025
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ABNormalized InsulinInsulin (μU/mL
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surrounding and encompassing hibern
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decreased from 788+30 ng/mL in preh
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120-122]. Most small hibernators ar
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ears. Similarly, serum NPY increase
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Table 3.2—Serum factor longitudin
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Leptin (ng/mL)ABO N D J F M A M O N
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Norepinephrine (ng/mL)A807060504030
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IGF‐1 (ng/mL)AN D J F M A MB10009
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2008. Samples were collected as des
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sampling points. It is possible to
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C‐Terminal PTH (Relative)AB504030
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Chapter Five — Serum from hiberna
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Synergy HT Multi-Detection Micropla
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gene specific primers and 12.5 μL
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involved in the reduced caspase-3/7
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hibernation cycles without problem
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filtered seasonal bear serum and fo
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which is dependent upon caspase-3 a
- Page 107 and 108: Caspase‐3/7 ActivityO N D J F M A
- Page 109 and 110: 6Caspase‐3/7 Activity54321**0Vehi
- Page 111 and 112: ABCaspase‐3/7 Activity9876543210*
- Page 113 and 114: eyond the G1/S checkpoint, thus ind
- Page 115 and 116: ears, it is possible that tissue se
- Page 117 and 118: PTH1R, RANKL, Runx2, Smurf1, TLR4,
- Page 119 and 120: factors Runx2 and OCN also increase
- Page 121 and 122: Table 6.3—Gene expression 3 hour
- Page 123 and 124: Table 6.5—Gene expression 6 day d
- Page 125 and 126: Cyclin D1 Gene ExpressionO N D J F
- Page 127 and 128: Smurf1 Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A
- Page 129 and 130: BAK Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A MM
- Page 131 and 132: M‐CSF Gene ExpressionO N D J F M
- Page 133 and 134: Per1 Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A M
- Page 135 and 136: Akt Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A MM
- Page 137 and 138: Bcl‐2 Gene ExpressionO N D J F M
- Page 139 and 140: Cyclin D1 Gene ExpressionO N D J F
- Page 141 and 142: OPN Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A MM
- Page 143 and 144: 2PTH1R Gene Expression1.510.50O N D
- Page 145 and 146: TLR4 Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A M
- Page 147 and 148: Bcl‐2 Gene ExpressionO N D J F M
- Page 149 and 150: OCN Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A MM
- Page 151 and 152: PTH1R Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A
- Page 153 and 154: TLR4 Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A M
- Page 155 and 156: condition in renal patients in whic
- Page 157: hibernation. This report brings to
- Page 161 and 162: 41. Chowdhury, I., B. Tharakan, and
- Page 163 and 164: 68. Ashe, M.C., et al., Bone geomet
- Page 165 and 166: 95. Perrien, D.S., et al., Aging al
- Page 167 and 168: 122. Lesser, R.W., et al., Renal re
- Page 169 and 170: 151. Confavreux, C.B., R.L. Levine,
- Page 171 and 172: 178. Toribara, T.Y., A.R. Terepka,
- Page 173 and 174: 206. Luo, X.H., et al., Adiponectin
- Page 175 and 176: 233. Florant, G.L., et al., Fat-cel
- Page 177 and 178: 259. Bhasin, S., et al., Older men
- Page 179 and 180: 284. Miura, M., et al., A crucial r
- Page 181 and 182: Appendix A—Complete tables of cor
- Page 183 and 184: Table A.5—Complete list of ionize
- Page 185 and 186: Table A.7—Complete list of adipon
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