108. Kwiecinski, G.G., L. Krook, and W.A. Wimsatt, Annual skeletal changes in thelittle brown bat, Myotis lucifugus lucifugus, with particular reference to pregnancyand lactation. Am J Anat, 1987. 178(4): p. 410-20.109. Haller, A.C. and M.L. Zimny, Effects of hibernation on interradicular alveolarbone. J Dent Res, 1977. 56(12): p. 1552-7.110. Utz, J.C., et al., Bone strength is maintained after 8 months of inactivity inhibernating golden-mantled ground squirrels, Spermophilus lateralis. J Exp Biol,2009. 212(17): p. 2746-52.111. Nelson, R.A., Protein and fat metabolism in hibernating bears. Fed Proc, 1980.39(12): p. 2955-8.112. Nelson, R.A., et al., Metabolism of bears before, during, and after winter sleep.Am J Physiol, 1973. 224(2): p. 491-6.113. Brown, D.C., et al., Renal function in anesthetized dormant and active bears. AmJ Physiol, 1971. 220(1): p. 293-8.114. Nelson, R.A., et al., Nitrogen metabolism in bears: urea metabolism in summerstarvation and in winter sleep and role of urinary bladder in water and nitrogenconservation. Mayo Clin Proc, 1975. 50(3): p. 141-6.115. Carey, H.V., M.T. Andrews, and S.L. Martin, Mammalian hibernation: cellular andmolecular responses to depressed metabolism and low temperature. PhysiolRev, 2003. 83(4): p. 1153-81.116. Geiser, F., Metabolic rate and body temperature reduction during hibernation anddaily torpor. Annu Rev Physiol, 2004. 66: p. 239-74.117. Watts, P. and C. Cuyler, Metabolism of the black bear under simulated denningconditions. Acta Physiol Scand, 1988. 134(1): p. 149-52.118. Zatzman, M.L., Renal and cardiovascular effects of hibernation and hypothermia.Cryobiology, 1984. 21(6): p. 593-614.119. Zatzman, M.L. and F.E. South, Renal function of the awake and hibernatingmarmot Marmota flaviventris. Am J Physiol, 1972. 222(4): p. 1035-9.120. Epperson, L.E. and S.L. Martin, Quantitative assessment of ground squirrelmRNA levels in multiple stages of hibernation. Physiol Genomics, 2002. 10(2): p.93-102.121. French, A.R., Allometries of the durations of torpid and euthermic intervals duringmammalian hibernation: a test of the theory of metabolic control of the timing ofchanges in body temperature. J Comp Physiol B, 1985. 156(1): p. 13-9.144
122. Lesser, R.W., et al., Renal regulation of urea excretion in arousing andhomeothermic ground squirrels (Citellus columbianus). Comp Biochem Physiol,1970. 36(2): p. 291-6.123. Passmore, J.C., E.W. Pfeiffer, and J.R. Templeton, Urea excretion in thehibernating Columbian ground squirrel (Spermophilus columbianus). J Exp Zool,1975. 192(1): p. 83-6.124. Deavers, D.R. and X.J. Musacchia, Water metabolism and renal function duringhibernation and hypothermia. Fed Proc, 1980. 39(12): p. 2969-73.125. Bruce, D.S. and J.E. Wiebers, Calcium and phosphate levels in bats (Myotislucifugus) as function of season and activity. Experientia, 1970. 26(6): p. 625-7.126. Whalen, J.P., L. Krook, and E.A. Nunez, A radiographic and histologic study ofbone in the active and hibernating bat (Myotis lucifugus). Anat Rec, 1972. 172(1):p. 97-108.127. Weinreb, M., et al., Short-term healing kinetics of cortical and cancellous boneosteopenia induced by unloading during the reloading period in young rats.Virchows Arch, 1997. 431(6): p. 449-52.128. Currey, J.D. and G. Butler, The mechanical properties of bone tissue in children.J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1975. 57(6): p. 810-4.129. Gross, T.S. and C.T. Rubin, Uniformity of resorptive bone loss induced bydisuse. J Orthop Res, 1995. 13(5): p. 708-14.130. Jaworski, Z.F., M. Liskova-Kiar, and H.K. Uhthoff, Effect of long-termimmobilisation on the pattern of bone loss in older dogs. J Bone Joint Surg Br,1980. 62-B(1): p. 104-10.131. Collet, P., et al., Effects of 1- and 6-month spaceflight on bone mass andbiochemistry in two humans. Bone, 1997. 20(6): p. 547-51.132. Vico, L., et al., Effects of long-term microgravity exposure on cancellous andcortical weight-bearing bones of cosmonauts. Lancet, 2000. 355(9215): p. 1607-11.133. Donahue, S.W., et al., Bone formation is not impaired by hibernation (disuse) inblack bears Ursus americanus. J Exp Biol, 2003. 206(Pt 23): p. 4233-9.134. Donahue, S.W., et al., Serum markers of bone metabolism show bone loss inhibernating bears. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2003(408): p. 295-301.135. Nelson, R.A., Urea metabolism in the hibernating black bear. Kidney Int Suppl,1978(8): p. S177-9.136. Singer, M.A., Of mice and men and elephants: metabolic rate sets glomerularfiltration rate. Am J Kidney Dis, 2001. 37(1): p. 164-178.145
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EXPLORATION OF THE ROLE OF SERUM FA
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Table of contentsIndex of Figures .
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Chapter Four - Attempts to find an
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Index of figures1.1. Simplified sch
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6.17. Longitudinal analysis of OPG
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6.49. Longitudinal analysis of ColI
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A.2. Complete list of BSALP correla
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List of abbreviationsα-MEM. Alpha-
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PCR. Polymerase chain reactionPer1
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G2/M checkpoint. The point in the c
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Species names13-lined ground squirr
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Chapter One - Background and signif
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1.3 Bone turnover is unbalanced dur
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pro-apoptosis regulator BAX. An imp
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low-dose administration of parathyr
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decrease in bone trabecular thickne
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experience periodic arousals in whi
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ears must have evolved a mechanism
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1.7.6 Hypothesis 2: OCN interacts w
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ain, heart, and femoral muscle of h
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Hypothesis 3a: Serum concentrations
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were released. Behavior indicating
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2.3 ResultsSerum activity of the bo
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(p
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post-hibernation sampling in the be
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also unclear whether ucOCN may affe
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atios of intact to fragmented OCN m
- Page 57 and 58:
Table 2.3—Bone marker “seasonal
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Table 2.7—Chemistry panel “seas
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ABNormalized BSALPBSALP (U/L)CO N D
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Total Calcium (mg/dL)A1.21.151.11.0
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ABTotal OCN (ng/mL)150100500O N D J
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Adiponectin (ng/mL)AB40003500300025
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ABNormalized InsulinInsulin (μU/mL
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surrounding and encompassing hibern
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decreased from 788+30 ng/mL in preh
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120-122]. Most small hibernators ar
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ears. Similarly, serum NPY increase
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Table 3.2—Serum factor longitudin
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Leptin (ng/mL)ABO N D J F M A M O N
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Norepinephrine (ng/mL)A807060504030
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IGF‐1 (ng/mL)AN D J F M A MB10009
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2008. Samples were collected as des
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sampling points. It is possible to
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C‐Terminal PTH (Relative)AB504030
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Chapter Five — Serum from hiberna
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Synergy HT Multi-Detection Micropla
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gene specific primers and 12.5 μL
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involved in the reduced caspase-3/7
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hibernation cycles without problem
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filtered seasonal bear serum and fo
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which is dependent upon caspase-3 a
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Caspase‐3/7 ActivityO N D J F M A
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6Caspase‐3/7 Activity54321**0Vehi
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ABCaspase‐3/7 Activity9876543210*
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eyond the G1/S checkpoint, thus ind
- Page 115 and 116: ears, it is possible that tissue se
- Page 117 and 118: PTH1R, RANKL, Runx2, Smurf1, TLR4,
- Page 119 and 120: factors Runx2 and OCN also increase
- Page 121 and 122: Table 6.3—Gene expression 3 hour
- Page 123 and 124: Table 6.5—Gene expression 6 day d
- Page 125 and 126: Cyclin D1 Gene ExpressionO N D J F
- Page 127 and 128: Smurf1 Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A
- Page 129 and 130: BAK Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A MM
- Page 131 and 132: M‐CSF Gene ExpressionO N D J F M
- Page 133 and 134: Per1 Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A M
- Page 135 and 136: Akt Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A MM
- Page 137 and 138: Bcl‐2 Gene ExpressionO N D J F M
- Page 139 and 140: Cyclin D1 Gene ExpressionO N D J F
- Page 141 and 142: OPN Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A MM
- Page 143 and 144: 2PTH1R Gene Expression1.510.50O N D
- Page 145 and 146: TLR4 Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A M
- Page 147 and 148: Bcl‐2 Gene ExpressionO N D J F M
- Page 149 and 150: OCN Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A MM
- Page 151 and 152: PTH1R Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A
- Page 153 and 154: TLR4 Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A M
- Page 155 and 156: condition in renal patients in whic
- Page 157 and 158: hibernation. This report brings to
- Page 159 and 160: 14. Kaneps, A.J., S.M. Stover, and
- Page 161 and 162: 41. Chowdhury, I., B. Tharakan, and
- Page 163 and 164: 68. Ashe, M.C., et al., Bone geomet
- Page 165: 95. Perrien, D.S., et al., Aging al
- Page 169 and 170: 151. Confavreux, C.B., R.L. Levine,
- Page 171 and 172: 178. Toribara, T.Y., A.R. Terepka,
- Page 173 and 174: 206. Luo, X.H., et al., Adiponectin
- Page 175 and 176: 233. Florant, G.L., et al., Fat-cel
- Page 177 and 178: 259. Bhasin, S., et al., Older men
- Page 179 and 180: 284. Miura, M., et al., A crucial r
- Page 181 and 182: Appendix A—Complete tables of cor
- Page 183 and 184: Table A.5—Complete list of ionize
- Page 185 and 186: Table A.7—Complete list of adipon
- Page 187 and 188: Table A.12—Complete list of norep