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AB3TRACP (relative)2.521.510.5O N D J F M A M O N D J F M A M0CNormalized TRACP21.510.50O N D J F M A MFigure 2.2—Serum TRACP activitiesSerum TRACP activity of 9 black bears in the 2007/08 and 2008/09 seasons. Letters Othrough M represent the month of serum collection. Vertical lines represent transitionsbetween active and hibernating seasons. (A) TRACP activities are represented by a linefor each bear. (B) Single smoothed curve represents the average of all 9 bears. Arrowsindicate the dates at which “peak-valley” means were analyzed. (C) Each TRACP activitywas normalized to the average TRACP activity for the appropriate bear for bettercomparison of seasonal fold changes.40
Total Calcium (mg/dL)A1.21.151.11.0510.950.90.850.80.75B9.598.587.57O N D J F M A M O N D J F M A MCNormalized Total CalciumO N D J F M A MFigure 2.3—Total serum calciumTotal serum calcium levels of 4 black bears in the 2007/08 season. Letters O through Mrepresent the month of serum collection. Vertical lines represent transitions betweenactive and hibernating seasons. (A) Serum calcium levels are represented by a line foreach bear. (B) Single smoothed curve represents the average of all 4 bears. Arrowsindicate the dates at which “peak-valley” means were analyzed. (C) Each total serumcalcium concentration was normalized to the average total serum calcium concentrationfor the appropriate bear for better comparison of seasonal fold changes.41
Page 1 and 2:
EXPLORATION OF THE ROLE OF SERUM FA
Page 3 and 4:
Table of contentsIndex of Figures .
Page 5 and 6:
Chapter Four - Attempts to find an
Page 7 and 8:
Index of figures1.1. Simplified sch
Page 9 and 10:
6.17. Longitudinal analysis of OPG
Page 11 and 12: 6.49. Longitudinal analysis of ColI
Page 13 and 14: A.2. Complete list of BSALP correla
Page 15 and 16: List of abbreviationsα-MEM. Alpha-
Page 17 and 18: PCR. Polymerase chain reactionPer1
Page 19 and 20: G2/M checkpoint. The point in the c
Page 21 and 22: Species names13-lined ground squirr
Page 23 and 24: Chapter One - Background and signif
Page 25 and 26: 1.3 Bone turnover is unbalanced dur
Page 27 and 28: pro-apoptosis regulator BAX. An imp
Page 29 and 30: low-dose administration of parathyr
Page 31 and 32: decrease in bone trabecular thickne
Page 33 and 34: experience periodic arousals in whi
Page 35 and 36: ears must have evolved a mechanism
Page 37 and 38: 1.7.6 Hypothesis 2: OCN interacts w
Page 39 and 40: ain, heart, and femoral muscle of h
Page 41 and 42: Hypothesis 3a: Serum concentrations
Page 44: were released. Behavior indicating
Page 47 and 48: 2.3 ResultsSerum activity of the bo
Page 49 and 50: (p
Page 51 and 52: post-hibernation sampling in the be
Page 53 and 54: also unclear whether ucOCN may affe
Page 55 and 56: atios of intact to fragmented OCN m
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.3—Bone marker “seasonal
Page 59 and 60: Table 2.7—Chemistry panel “seas
Page 61: ABNormalized BSALPBSALP (U/L)CO N D
Page 65 and 66: ABTotal OCN (ng/mL)150100500O N D J
Page 67 and 68: Adiponectin (ng/mL)AB40003500300025
Page 69 and 70: ABNormalized InsulinInsulin (μU/mL
Page 71 and 72: surrounding and encompassing hibern
Page 73 and 74: decreased from 788+30 ng/mL in preh
Page 75 and 76: 120-122]. Most small hibernators ar
Page 77 and 78: ears. Similarly, serum NPY increase
Page 79 and 80: Table 3.2—Serum factor longitudin
Page 81 and 82: Leptin (ng/mL)ABO N D J F M A M O N
Page 83 and 84: Norepinephrine (ng/mL)A807060504030
Page 85 and 86: IGF‐1 (ng/mL)AN D J F M A MB10009
Page 87 and 88: 2008. Samples were collected as des
Page 89 and 90: sampling points. It is possible to
Page 91 and 92: C‐Terminal PTH (Relative)AB504030
Page 93 and 94: Chapter Five — Serum from hiberna
Page 95 and 96: Synergy HT Multi-Detection Micropla
Page 97 and 98: gene specific primers and 12.5 μL
Page 99 and 100: involved in the reduced caspase-3/7
Page 101 and 102: hibernation cycles without problem
Page 103 and 104: filtered seasonal bear serum and fo
Page 105 and 106: which is dependent upon caspase-3 a
Page 107 and 108: Caspase‐3/7 ActivityO N D J F M A
Page 109 and 110: 6Caspase‐3/7 Activity54321**0Vehi
Page 111 and 112: ABCaspase‐3/7 Activity9876543210*
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eyond the G1/S checkpoint, thus ind
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ears, it is possible that tissue se
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PTH1R, RANKL, Runx2, Smurf1, TLR4,
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factors Runx2 and OCN also increase
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Table 6.3—Gene expression 3 hour
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Table 6.5—Gene expression 6 day d
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Cyclin D1 Gene ExpressionO N D J F
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Smurf1 Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A
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BAK Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A MM
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M‐CSF Gene ExpressionO N D J F M
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Per1 Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A M
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Akt Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A MM
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Bcl‐2 Gene ExpressionO N D J F M
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Cyclin D1 Gene ExpressionO N D J F
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OPN Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A MM
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2PTH1R Gene Expression1.510.50O N D
Page 145 and 146:
TLR4 Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A M
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Bcl‐2 Gene ExpressionO N D J F M
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OCN Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A MM
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PTH1R Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A
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TLR4 Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A M
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condition in renal patients in whic
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hibernation. This report brings to
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14. Kaneps, A.J., S.M. Stover, and
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41. Chowdhury, I., B. Tharakan, and
Page 163 and 164:
68. Ashe, M.C., et al., Bone geomet
Page 165 and 166:
95. Perrien, D.S., et al., Aging al
Page 167 and 168:
122. Lesser, R.W., et al., Renal re
Page 169 and 170:
151. Confavreux, C.B., R.L. Levine,
Page 171 and 172:
178. Toribara, T.Y., A.R. Terepka,
Page 173 and 174:
206. Luo, X.H., et al., Adiponectin
Page 175 and 176:
233. Florant, G.L., et al., Fat-cel
Page 177 and 178:
259. Bhasin, S., et al., Older men
Page 179 and 180:
284. Miura, M., et al., A crucial r
Page 181 and 182:
Appendix A—Complete tables of cor
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Table A.5—Complete list of ionize
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Table A.7—Complete list of adipon
Page 187 and 188:
Table A.12—Complete list of norep
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