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hibernation in bears. Further study is necessary to explore the role of adiponectin inhibernating bears.2.5 Tables and figuresTable 2.1—Summary of assaysThe number of bears and assays that were performed in each hibernation season. *Thenumber of bears that gave birth to cubs is in parentheses. Unknown values are indicated as“UK.”SeasonBearsAge(years)Assays2003-2004 5 (5) 3-12 Total OCN2006-2007 2 (1) UK Ionized Calcium, SerotoninTRACP, BSALP, Total ALP, TotalCalcium, Ionized Calcium, Total OCN,2007-2008 4 (3) 5-14ucOCN, %ucOCN, Vitamin K,Adiponectin, Glucose, Insulin, Serotonin,Total Protein, Albumin, Globulin, AST,ALT, BUN, Creatinine2008-2009 5 (3) 2-21TRACP, BSALP, Total ALP, Adiponectin,Glucose, InsulinData LocationFigure 2.3Tables 2.2, 2.3, 2.8,2.9Tables 2.2-2.5,2.8, 2.9Figures 2.1-2.7Tables 2.2-2.9Figures 2.1, 2.2,2.5-2.7Tables 2.2-2.5,2.8,2.9Table 2.2—Bone marker longitudinal “peak-valley” analysesData are represented as LSM+SE. The date of “peak-valley” analysis is indicted below themean serum concentrations. Letters (A, B, C) represent values that are significantly differentfrom each other at α=0.05. The p-value reported is for the partial F-test for the serum factor.SerumFactorBSALP(U/L)TRACP(relative)Total Calcium(mg/dL)IonizedCalcium(mg/dL)Total OCN(ng/mL)ucOCNPercentucOCNFall Winter SpringActive Hibernation ActiveN bears p PowerLSM+SE 30.6+9.2 A 7.63+0.86 B 19.1+4.7 ABDate 10/11 1/19 4/297 0.0149 0.7897LSM+SE 1.25+0.17 A 0.833+0.05 B 1.44+0.10 ADate 12/20 1/19 4/199 0.0040 0.9090LSM+SE 8.8+0.3 8.5+0.2 8.3+0.4Date 11/20 1/29 4/83 0.6649 0.0863LSM+SE 3.61+0.06 3.65+0.06 3.77+0.75Date 11/20 1/29 4/185 0.344 0.1918LSM+SE 12.5+1.7 C 89.7+11.4 A 46.0+7.6 BDate 11/20 3/19 4/289
Table 2.3—Bone marker “seasonal means” analysesData are represented as LSM+SE. The total number of samples included in the ANOVA isindicated below the mean concentrations. Letters (A, B, C) represent values that aresignificantly different from each other at α=0.05. The p-value reported is for the partial F-testfor the serum factor.SerumFactorBSALP(U/L)TRACP(relative)Total Calcium(mg/dL)Ionized Calcium(mg/dL)Total OCN(ng/mL)ucOCN(ng/mL)Percent ucOCNFallWinter SpringActive Hibernation Activep PowerLSM+SE 21.0+1.27 A 8.79+1.20 B 19.5+1.86 AN samples 58 61 26
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EXPLORATION OF THE ROLE OF SERUM FA
Page 3 and 4:
Table of contentsIndex of Figures .
Page 5 and 6: Chapter Four - Attempts to find an
Page 7 and 8: Index of figures1.1. Simplified sch
Page 9 and 10: 6.17. Longitudinal analysis of OPG
Page 11 and 12: 6.49. Longitudinal analysis of ColI
Page 13 and 14: A.2. Complete list of BSALP correla
Page 15 and 16: List of abbreviationsα-MEM. Alpha-
Page 17 and 18: PCR. Polymerase chain reactionPer1
Page 19 and 20: G2/M checkpoint. The point in the c
Page 21 and 22: Species names13-lined ground squirr
Page 23 and 24: Chapter One - Background and signif
Page 25 and 26: 1.3 Bone turnover is unbalanced dur
Page 27 and 28: pro-apoptosis regulator BAX. An imp
Page 29 and 30: low-dose administration of parathyr
Page 31 and 32: decrease in bone trabecular thickne
Page 33 and 34: experience periodic arousals in whi
Page 35 and 36: ears must have evolved a mechanism
Page 37 and 38: 1.7.6 Hypothesis 2: OCN interacts w
Page 39 and 40: ain, heart, and femoral muscle of h
Page 41 and 42: Hypothesis 3a: Serum concentrations
Page 44: were released. Behavior indicating
Page 47 and 48: 2.3 ResultsSerum activity of the bo
Page 49 and 50: (p
Page 51 and 52: post-hibernation sampling in the be
Page 53 and 54: also unclear whether ucOCN may affe
Page 55: atios of intact to fragmented OCN m
Page 59 and 60: Table 2.7—Chemistry panel “seas
Page 61 and 62: ABNormalized BSALPBSALP (U/L)CO N D
Page 63 and 64: Total Calcium (mg/dL)A1.21.151.11.0
Page 65 and 66: ABTotal OCN (ng/mL)150100500O N D J
Page 67 and 68: Adiponectin (ng/mL)AB40003500300025
Page 69 and 70: ABNormalized InsulinInsulin (μU/mL
Page 71 and 72: surrounding and encompassing hibern
Page 73 and 74: decreased from 788+30 ng/mL in preh
Page 75 and 76: 120-122]. Most small hibernators ar
Page 77 and 78: ears. Similarly, serum NPY increase
Page 79 and 80: Table 3.2—Serum factor longitudin
Page 81 and 82: Leptin (ng/mL)ABO N D J F M A M O N
Page 83 and 84: Norepinephrine (ng/mL)A807060504030
Page 85 and 86: IGF‐1 (ng/mL)AN D J F M A MB10009
Page 87 and 88: 2008. Samples were collected as des
Page 89 and 90: sampling points. It is possible to
Page 91 and 92: C‐Terminal PTH (Relative)AB504030
Page 93 and 94: Chapter Five — Serum from hiberna
Page 95 and 96: Synergy HT Multi-Detection Micropla
Page 97 and 98: gene specific primers and 12.5 μL
Page 99 and 100: involved in the reduced caspase-3/7
Page 101 and 102: hibernation cycles without problem
Page 103 and 104: filtered seasonal bear serum and fo
Page 105 and 106: which is dependent upon caspase-3 a
Page 107 and 108:
Caspase‐3/7 ActivityO N D J F M A
Page 109 and 110:
6Caspase‐3/7 Activity54321**0Vehi
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ABCaspase‐3/7 Activity9876543210*
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eyond the G1/S checkpoint, thus ind
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ears, it is possible that tissue se
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PTH1R, RANKL, Runx2, Smurf1, TLR4,
Page 119 and 120:
factors Runx2 and OCN also increase
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Table 6.3—Gene expression 3 hour
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Table 6.5—Gene expression 6 day d
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Cyclin D1 Gene ExpressionO N D J F
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Smurf1 Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A
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BAK Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A MM
Page 131 and 132:
M‐CSF Gene ExpressionO N D J F M
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Per1 Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A M
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Akt Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A MM
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Bcl‐2 Gene ExpressionO N D J F M
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Cyclin D1 Gene ExpressionO N D J F
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OPN Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A MM
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2PTH1R Gene Expression1.510.50O N D
Page 145 and 146:
TLR4 Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A M
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Bcl‐2 Gene ExpressionO N D J F M
Page 149 and 150:
OCN Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A MM
Page 151 and 152:
PTH1R Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A
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TLR4 Gene ExpressionO N D J F M A M
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condition in renal patients in whic
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hibernation. This report brings to
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14. Kaneps, A.J., S.M. Stover, and
Page 161 and 162:
41. Chowdhury, I., B. Tharakan, and
Page 163 and 164:
68. Ashe, M.C., et al., Bone geomet
Page 165 and 166:
95. Perrien, D.S., et al., Aging al
Page 167 and 168:
122. Lesser, R.W., et al., Renal re
Page 169 and 170:
151. Confavreux, C.B., R.L. Levine,
Page 171 and 172:
178. Toribara, T.Y., A.R. Terepka,
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206. Luo, X.H., et al., Adiponectin
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233. Florant, G.L., et al., Fat-cel
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259. Bhasin, S., et al., Older men
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284. Miura, M., et al., A crucial r
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Appendix A—Complete tables of cor
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Table A.5—Complete list of ionize
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Table A.7—Complete list of adipon
Page 187 and 188:
Table A.12—Complete list of norep
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