Analyzing the âPhotographic Evidenceâ of the Nanking Massacre

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photographs will be introduced in the next section—photographed the same scene wheremany hanging electric cables were visible. So did Steele of the Chicago Daily News.Judging from these photographs, Photo 133 most likely depicts the scene outside the citywalls around the western Zhonghua Gate or the Zhonghua Gate.A crucial question is whether or not the dead bodies shown on the photographwere those of the people massacred by the Japanese troops. The analysis of one ofArchibald Steele’s photographs in a preceding section determined that the corpses outsidethe Zhonghua Gate were those of combat casualties. A Japanese soldier’s story includedin 1937 Nankin kōryakusen no shinjitsu corroborates this conclusion. This soldier of the6 th Division said,The Ishida Platoon advanced bit by bit in the intervals of the enemy’s fire tothe immediate vicinity of the Zhonghua Gate. My platoon coordinated itsmove with Ishida’s to advance to the line of a creek. This operation moreor less wiped out the enemy positioned around the creek. Later, wecounted about 250 dead bodies in the area.This recollection, which he made two years after the Nanking battle, indicates thatthe area outside the Zhonghua Gate was littered with a number of soldiers killed in action.Satō Shinju, who photographed the same scene, also said,Although Fudō Kenji of Dōmei News Agency photographed the same scene,he explained this as an aftermath of the massacre. His photograph thatappeared in a publication shortly after the war (Nihon shashin-shi:1840-1945) was with a caption to that effect. Matsuo Kunizō of the OsakaMainichi Newspaper and I captioned the photographs of the same scene asthe Chinese combat casualties. . . . I know Mr. Fudō very well, and I havenever heard any story of the massacre in Nanking from him. . . . I was toldthat he had given that photo to someone who was wishing to obtainphotographic evidence of the atrocities.A close look at Fudō’s photograph—Photo 134 as printed on Zusetsu Shōwa norekishi [Illustrated history of the Showa era]—indeed reveals that there was a dead manwearing a helmet. That they were the bodies of Chinese soldiers who fell in the battle isbeyond any doubt. Nevertheless, the caption attached to Photo 134 as printed on ZusetsuShōwa no rekishi says, “The Nanking massacre and a POW camp: a one-month periodfollowing the occupation of Nanking reportedly saw the destruction by arson of one third ofthe city’s buildings, over 20,000 cases of rape, and slaughter of some 200,000 POWs andcivilians.”One further analysis of those dead bodies outside the Zhonghua Gate will followlater in this chapter.209
Photo 134Photo 134: Zusetsu Shōwa no rekishi, p. 59. In the foreground, a dead body of a soldierwearing a helmet.Photo 135, which is comprised of three images, appeared on the fifth volume ofGahō kindai hyakunen-shi [Pictorial history of a modern century], which was published in1952. Its caption says,It is Mr. Fudō, chief editor of this series, who took these photographs whenhe was accompanying the Nakajima Division [the 16th Division under thecommand of Lieutenant-General Nakajima Kesago] as a correspondent.These images are available to the public for the first time on this volume.Upon their entry into Nanking, the Japanese troops—principally theNakajima Division—perpetrated the most horrible atrocity in modernhistory in the course of their mopping-up operation in the city.In addition, the following caption is attached to these three photographs: “A groupof captives who could not be identified either as ex-military men or as civilians, and thebodies of those who were massacred.”210
Page 1 and 2:
Analyzing the “Photographic Evide
Page 3 and 4:
List of AbbreviationsCCPGMDICNSZIMT
Page 5 and 6:
heard about the Rape of Nanking. I
Page 7 and 8:
Discovery of a “top secret” GMD
Page 9 and 10:
only in the Chinese edition of Timp
Page 11 and 12:
Photos C and D, which appeared in t
Page 13 and 14:
Nanking massacre was published with
Page 15 and 16:
Chapter 1: Realities of the Battle
Page 17 and 18:
August 12, the Chinese army’s for
Page 19 and 20:
Crisscrossed runningcanals.” Mans
Page 21 and 22:
“Death-defying aerial photograph
Page 23 and 24:
Sunday, November 28: Wang Gupan, ch
Page 25 and 26:
Zhonghua Gate. Viewphotographed fro
Page 27 and 28:
Escape of garrison commander TangTh
Page 29 and 30:
Soldiers shouting “banzai” on t
Page 31 and 32:
soldiers from civilians. Again, thi
Page 33 and 34:
For example, combatants who are cap
Page 35 and 36:
Graph: Nihon no senreki [Mainichi G
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An important fact is that the Japan
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the city.Given the non-occurrence o
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Victory ceremony in front of the GM
Page 43 and 44:
Nanking Citizens Relinquishes Anti-
Page 45 and 46:
I heard a hymn accompanied by an or
Page 47 and 48:
Children riding mules in front ofNa
Page 49 and 50:
with Chinese staff members of the s
Page 51 and 52:
One week after the fall of Nanking.
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Peddlers wishing to trade withJapan
Page 55 and 56:
My mission was to visit the office
Page 57 and 58:
Chapter: The First “Photographic
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Analyses of Group A photographs1. S
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Contemporary Japanese publications,
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Of course, the image of a lone infa
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Photos D and E are in a booklet ent
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(c) Bombing of the USS PanayRBS lis
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Photos C and D: The Panay sinking i
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about-to-take-place beheading was a
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(a) Four military personnel at the
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of a living person posing for the c
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Apart from this speculation, anothe
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8. Apparently, no one in uniform ha
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the quote above makes it clear that
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Photo A: A clip of Photo 13 as prin
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Photo 15: “Shatou.” The first a
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Formation of thegroundPhoto C: “P
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Four identical individuals are show
Page 91 and 92:
As for Chiang Kai-shek and his GMD,
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3. Still Images of Dead BodiesIf th
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Timperly may well have selected thi
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According to the RBS’s caption,
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Photos 26-28:RBS was the first sour
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One can easily point out difference
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Shanghai. Several photos I saw when
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In 1998, however, Hata Ikuhiko unea
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Photo E: Asahi Graph, 10 November 1
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Photo I: The original of Photo 36 w
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Photo J: This is the original of Ph
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however, stated that the girl in th
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Group B photographs: Photographs th
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WMRB introduces Photo 45-51 as scen
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Photo 48Photo 49117
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According to the caption of Photo 5
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Agnes Smedley describes how the Com
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Photo 58Photo 59Photo 60123
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The RBS caption of Photo 62 says,
Page 129 and 130:
Conclusion: Composite, Play-up, Rep
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The following sources made referenc
Page 133 and 134:
Horizontal and vertical ratio of th
Page 135 and 136:
Photo 133
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have not been seen by anyone else u
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137
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The same background as the “origi
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Photo G Photo F Photo CPhoto C: RON
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“Courtesy of Marion Fitch”RON-Y
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some 50 photographs which he had ta
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Fitch Photos -(21)Photo 93 Photo 91
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Photo B Photo A Photo 84Photos 84 a
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Photo 88Photo 88: An identical phot
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and 90, one may assume that the pho
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Forty-five years later, however, Na
Page 159 and 160:
Japanese side. But [the unearthed m
Page 161 and 162: (2) Alleged murder of childrenAmong
Page 163 and 164: It is Carl Mydans, an American in C
Page 165 and 166: inspired anti-Japanese sentiment am
Page 167 and 168: Another notable fact is that a sold
Page 169 and 170: military have appeared in several N
Page 171 and 172: Photo 102Photo 102: One of the phot
Page 173 and 174: Photo PPhoto OPhoto O: Watashi no j
Page 175 and 176: In one case a [Communist] Party mem
Page 177 and 178: In view of such a Chinese tradition
Page 179 and 180: army’s conduct after its entry in
Page 181 and 182: Photo 108Photo 108: “[C]hildren b
Page 183 and 184: Photo UPhoto U: Type-94 light armor
Page 185 and 186: Army rose near Zhonghua Gate.” Ju
Page 187 and 188: (11) Images of Shanghai re-captione
Page 189 and 190: Chapter 4: Misleading use of the Ph
Page 191 and 192: * Magee photo (1)Magee’s film (MF
Page 193 and 194: * Magee photo (3)MF: Group of women
Page 195 and 196: This photograph has been cited as e
Page 197 and 198: (d) Ulterior motive behind the incl
Page 199 and 200: discrepancy between the realities i
Page 201 and 202: Photo 126Photo 126: RON-YY, which f
Page 203 and 204: Images Photographed by the Westerne
Page 205 and 206: As for Photo 130, RON-YY said, “O
Page 207 and 208: Photo A Photo 131Photo 131: Second
Page 209 and 210: and she found the following passage
Page 211: Images Photographed by the Japanese
Page 215 and 216: Photo FPhoto DPhoto EPhotos D and E
Page 217 and 218: much larger number POWs obeyed a sm
Page 219 and 220: Photo IPhoto 136Photo I: Fukyoka sh
Page 221 and 222: As for Nihon no shinryaku: Chūgoku
Page 223 and 224: Shanxi Province, and Nomonhan durin
Page 225 and 226: half open. Since Murase most likely
Page 227 and 228: Map 2Map 2: “Assault on Nanking.
Page 229 and 230: Photo N: A photograph among the rec
Page 231 and 232: emoved them away from the shore to
Page 233 and 234: find an old man lying on the ground
Page 235 and 236: spring or summer time—as illustra
Page 237 and 238: correspondents who assisted in the
Page 239: e-captioned pieces. This publicatio
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Analyzing the âPhotographic Evidenceâ of the Nanking Massacre