Analyzing the âPhotographic Evidenceâ of the Nanking Massacre

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Photo 7: “After beheading.” (e) Torso (f) Severed head.But did the Japanese army really adopt such a “method” of killing as “commonpractice”?70
(a) Four military personnel at the scene of beheadingSince their first appearance on WMRB and RBS, Photos 6 and 7 have beenreprinted in a number of books and magazines as shown in the following table.Photo 6 Photo 7Timperly (1938) ○ ○Ken Magazine (1938) ○ ○China Weekly Review (1938) ○ ○ZKH (1947) ○ -Ajia no sensō (1956) ○ -Chūgoku no tabi (1972) ○ -Chūgoku no nihonnguni (1972) ○ -QINHUA (1985) ○ ○SND (1995) ○ ○Nanking 1937 (1997) ○ -RON-YY (1997) ○ -RON-I (1997) ○ -These two photographs seemingly captured the scenes of “before” and “after” of anexecution by beheading with a sword because two individuals marked with (a) and (b) ineach photo appear on both of them. The objects (e) and (f) look like the torso of thesevered head of the executed, respectively.But one should doubt the authenticity of these photographs based on thefollowing reasons:1. When beheading someone, the sword-bearer has to step his right foot ahead of the left.But the person on Photo 6 steps forward in his left foot—a posture that may well result ininjuring his left foot.2. The shadows of persons (a) and (c) in Photo 6 fall in different directions while one cansee no shadow of the person sitting and waiting for the execution.3. The left foot shoe of person (a) in Photo 6 looks quite unnatural because it does notpoint forward.4. An unidentifiable object that appears to be black clothes covers the about-to-bebeheaded person under his chest in Photo 6. Although it looks like Buddhist monk’srobe, one may also suspect that it is a result of retouching, because that part should be sunlighted.5. Although the executioner in Photo 6 is seen wearing a jacket-like coat, according toIwata Yoshiyasu, former officer of the Japanese army, no Japanese army man—whetherhe was an officer, non-commissioned officer, or enlisted man—was dressed like that.6. As previously noted, one may wonder who captured this image at such close range andwith whose permission.7. Photo 7 appears to show the scene immediately after the beheading. Nevertheless,the shadows of the persons in this photo do not extend in the same direction as seen inPhoto 6.8. Judging from Photo 7, the beheaded man was sitting on the edge of what looks like ahuge pit. Thus, one may wonder how the cameraman took Photo 6, which was71
Page 1 and 2:
Analyzing the “Photographic Evide
Page 3 and 4:
List of AbbreviationsCCPGMDICNSZIMT
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heard about the Rape of Nanking. I
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Discovery of a “top secret” GMD
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only in the Chinese edition of Timp
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Photos C and D, which appeared in t
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Nanking massacre was published with
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Chapter 1: Realities of the Battle
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August 12, the Chinese army’s for
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Crisscrossed runningcanals.” Mans
Page 21 and 22: “Death-defying aerial photograph
Page 23 and 24: Sunday, November 28: Wang Gupan, ch
Page 25 and 26: Zhonghua Gate. Viewphotographed fro
Page 27 and 28: Escape of garrison commander TangTh
Page 29 and 30: Soldiers shouting “banzai” on t
Page 31 and 32: soldiers from civilians. Again, thi
Page 33 and 34: For example, combatants who are cap
Page 35 and 36: Graph: Nihon no senreki [Mainichi G
Page 37 and 38: An important fact is that the Japan
Page 39 and 40: the city.Given the non-occurrence o
Page 41 and 42: Victory ceremony in front of the GM
Page 43 and 44: Nanking Citizens Relinquishes Anti-
Page 45 and 46: I heard a hymn accompanied by an or
Page 47 and 48: Children riding mules in front ofNa
Page 49 and 50: with Chinese staff members of the s
Page 51 and 52: One week after the fall of Nanking.
Page 53 and 54: Peddlers wishing to trade withJapan
Page 55 and 56: My mission was to visit the office
Page 57 and 58: Chapter: The First “Photographic
Page 59 and 60: Analyses of Group A photographs1. S
Page 61 and 62: Contemporary Japanese publications,
Page 63 and 64: Of course, the image of a lone infa
Page 65 and 66: Photos D and E are in a booklet ent
Page 67 and 68: (c) Bombing of the USS PanayRBS lis
Page 69 and 70: Photos C and D: The Panay sinking i
Page 71: about-to-take-place beheading was a
Page 75 and 76: of a living person posing for the c
Page 77 and 78: Apart from this speculation, anothe
Page 79 and 80: 8. Apparently, no one in uniform ha
Page 81 and 82: the quote above makes it clear that
Page 83 and 84: Photo A: A clip of Photo 13 as prin
Page 85 and 86: Photo 15: “Shatou.” The first a
Page 87 and 88: Formation of thegroundPhoto C: “P
Page 89 and 90: Four identical individuals are show
Page 91 and 92: As for Chiang Kai-shek and his GMD,
Page 93 and 94: 3. Still Images of Dead BodiesIf th
Page 95 and 96: Timperly may well have selected thi
Page 97 and 98: According to the RBS’s caption,
Page 99 and 100: Photos 26-28:RBS was the first sour
Page 101 and 102: One can easily point out difference
Page 103 and 104: Shanghai. Several photos I saw when
Page 105 and 106: In 1998, however, Hata Ikuhiko unea
Page 107 and 108: Photo E: Asahi Graph, 10 November 1
Page 109 and 110: Photo I: The original of Photo 36 w
Page 111 and 112: Photo J: This is the original of Ph
Page 113 and 114: however, stated that the girl in th
Page 115 and 116: Group B photographs: Photographs th
Page 117 and 118: WMRB introduces Photo 45-51 as scen
Page 119 and 120: Photo 48Photo 49117
Page 121 and 122: According to the caption of Photo 5
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Agnes Smedley describes how the Com
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Photo 58Photo 59Photo 60123
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The RBS caption of Photo 62 says,
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Conclusion: Composite, Play-up, Rep
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The following sources made referenc
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Horizontal and vertical ratio of th
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Photo 133
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have not been seen by anyone else u
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137
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The same background as the “origi
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Photo G Photo F Photo CPhoto C: RON
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“Courtesy of Marion Fitch”RON-Y
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some 50 photographs which he had ta
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Fitch Photos -(21)Photo 93 Photo 91
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Photo B Photo A Photo 84Photos 84 a
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Photo 88Photo 88: An identical phot
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and 90, one may assume that the pho
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Forty-five years later, however, Na
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Japanese side. But [the unearthed m
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(2) Alleged murder of childrenAmong
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It is Carl Mydans, an American in C
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inspired anti-Japanese sentiment am
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Another notable fact is that a sold
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military have appeared in several N
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Photo 102Photo 102: One of the phot
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Photo PPhoto OPhoto O: Watashi no j
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In one case a [Communist] Party mem
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In view of such a Chinese tradition
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army’s conduct after its entry in
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Photo 108Photo 108: “[C]hildren b
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Photo UPhoto U: Type-94 light armor
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Army rose near Zhonghua Gate.” Ju
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(11) Images of Shanghai re-captione
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Chapter 4: Misleading use of the Ph
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* Magee photo (1)Magee’s film (MF
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* Magee photo (3)MF: Group of women
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This photograph has been cited as e
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(d) Ulterior motive behind the incl
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discrepancy between the realities i
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Photo 126Photo 126: RON-YY, which f
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Images Photographed by the Westerne
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As for Photo 130, RON-YY said, “O
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Photo A Photo 131Photo 131: Second
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and she found the following passage
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Images Photographed by the Japanese
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Photo 134Photo 134: Zusetsu Shōwa
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Photo FPhoto DPhoto EPhotos D and E
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much larger number POWs obeyed a sm
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Photo IPhoto 136Photo I: Fukyoka sh
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As for Nihon no shinryaku: Chūgoku
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Shanxi Province, and Nomonhan durin
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half open. Since Murase most likely
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Map 2Map 2: “Assault on Nanking.
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Photo N: A photograph among the rec
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emoved them away from the shore to
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find an old man lying on the ground
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spring or summer time—as illustra
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correspondents who assisted in the
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e-captioned pieces. This publicatio
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Analyzing the âPhotographic Evidenceâ of the Nanking Massacre

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Analyzing the âPhotographic Evidenceâ of the Nanking Massacre