Analyzing the âPhotographic Evidenceâ of the Nanking Massacre

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Group A photographs: Those that have been used in the “second period” and thereafter as well.Ten photographs printed in the WMRBHankou editionTwenty-four photographs printed in RBS56
Analyses of Group A photographs1. Scenes of bombingAerial bombing constitutes military action. A crucial question is whether or notJapanese armed forces conducted indiscriminate bombing on civilian targets in Nanking,as the American Army Air Corps did against Tokyo. More specifically, did Japaneseplanes drop bombs in the “safety zone,” where practically all the remaining Chinesecivilians made their temporary home and shelter?The answer is negative. In the very first letter that the ICNSZ addressed to theJapanese embassy on December 13, 1937, the committee thanks the Japanese for havingspared the safety zone from artillery barrage. In fact, not only army artillery but also thenaval air force did not attack the safety zone. Tomizawa Shigenobu, who reviewedforeign sources that touched on the Japanese bombardment and aerial bombing of the city,concluded in his Nankin jiken no kakushin [Core Truth of the Nanking Incident] thatdamage caused by such attacks was collateral and sporadic since the Japanese targetedonly military facilities. Lillie Abegg, a correspondent of the Frankfurter Zeitung,substantiated this line of reasoning in her Chinas Erneuerung [China’s Innovation]published in 1940. Referring to a photo that seemingly captured a scene of the Japanesebombing of Shanghai in 1937 (Photo A), she said that the Japanese dropped the bombs inan area immediately beyond the line that demarked the international settlement— in thearea where the both armies clashed.Photo A: A scene of aerial bombardment in Shanghai. Lily Abegg, Chinas Erneuerung.57
Page 1 and 2:
Analyzing the “Photographic Evide
Page 3 and 4:
List of AbbreviationsCCPGMDICNSZIMT
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heard about the Rape of Nanking. I
Page 7 and 8: Discovery of a “top secret” GMD
Page 9 and 10: only in the Chinese edition of Timp
Page 11 and 12: Photos C and D, which appeared in t
Page 13 and 14: Nanking massacre was published with
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1: Realities of the Battle
Page 17 and 18: August 12, the Chinese army’s for
Page 19 and 20: Crisscrossed runningcanals.” Mans
Page 21 and 22: “Death-defying aerial photograph
Page 23 and 24: Sunday, November 28: Wang Gupan, ch
Page 25 and 26: Zhonghua Gate. Viewphotographed fro
Page 27 and 28: Escape of garrison commander TangTh
Page 29 and 30: Soldiers shouting “banzai” on t
Page 31 and 32: soldiers from civilians. Again, thi
Page 33 and 34: For example, combatants who are cap
Page 35 and 36: Graph: Nihon no senreki [Mainichi G
Page 37 and 38: An important fact is that the Japan
Page 39 and 40: the city.Given the non-occurrence o
Page 41 and 42: Victory ceremony in front of the GM
Page 43 and 44: Nanking Citizens Relinquishes Anti-
Page 45 and 46: I heard a hymn accompanied by an or
Page 47 and 48: Children riding mules in front ofNa
Page 49 and 50: with Chinese staff members of the s
Page 51 and 52: One week after the fall of Nanking.
Page 53 and 54: Peddlers wishing to trade withJapan
Page 55 and 56: My mission was to visit the office
Page 57: Chapter: The First “Photographic
Page 61 and 62: Contemporary Japanese publications,
Page 63 and 64: Of course, the image of a lone infa
Page 65 and 66: Photos D and E are in a booklet ent
Page 67 and 68: (c) Bombing of the USS PanayRBS lis
Page 69 and 70: Photos C and D: The Panay sinking i
Page 71 and 72: about-to-take-place beheading was a
Page 73 and 74: (a) Four military personnel at the
Page 75 and 76: of a living person posing for the c
Page 77 and 78: Apart from this speculation, anothe
Page 79 and 80: 8. Apparently, no one in uniform ha
Page 81 and 82: the quote above makes it clear that
Page 83 and 84: Photo A: A clip of Photo 13 as prin
Page 85 and 86: Photo 15: “Shatou.” The first a
Page 87 and 88: Formation of thegroundPhoto C: “P
Page 89 and 90: Four identical individuals are show
Page 91 and 92: As for Chiang Kai-shek and his GMD,
Page 93 and 94: 3. Still Images of Dead BodiesIf th
Page 95 and 96: Timperly may well have selected thi
Page 97 and 98: According to the RBS’s caption,
Page 99 and 100: Photos 26-28:RBS was the first sour
Page 101 and 102: One can easily point out difference
Page 103 and 104: Shanghai. Several photos I saw when
Page 105 and 106: In 1998, however, Hata Ikuhiko unea
Page 107 and 108: Photo E: Asahi Graph, 10 November 1
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Photo I: The original of Photo 36 w
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Photo J: This is the original of Ph
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however, stated that the girl in th
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Group B photographs: Photographs th
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WMRB introduces Photo 45-51 as scen
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Photo 48Photo 49117
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According to the caption of Photo 5
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Agnes Smedley describes how the Com
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Photo 58Photo 59Photo 60123
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The RBS caption of Photo 62 says,
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Conclusion: Composite, Play-up, Rep
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The following sources made referenc
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Horizontal and vertical ratio of th
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Photo 133
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have not been seen by anyone else u
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137
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The same background as the “origi
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Photo G Photo F Photo CPhoto C: RON
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“Courtesy of Marion Fitch”RON-Y
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some 50 photographs which he had ta
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Fitch Photos -(21)Photo 93 Photo 91
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Photo B Photo A Photo 84Photos 84 a
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Photo 88Photo 88: An identical phot
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and 90, one may assume that the pho
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Forty-five years later, however, Na
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Japanese side. But [the unearthed m
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(2) Alleged murder of childrenAmong
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It is Carl Mydans, an American in C
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inspired anti-Japanese sentiment am
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Another notable fact is that a sold
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military have appeared in several N
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Photo 102Photo 102: One of the phot
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Photo PPhoto OPhoto O: Watashi no j
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In one case a [Communist] Party mem
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In view of such a Chinese tradition
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army’s conduct after its entry in
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Photo 108Photo 108: “[C]hildren b
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Photo UPhoto U: Type-94 light armor
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Army rose near Zhonghua Gate.” Ju
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(11) Images of Shanghai re-captione
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Chapter 4: Misleading use of the Ph
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* Magee photo (1)Magee’s film (MF
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* Magee photo (3)MF: Group of women
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This photograph has been cited as e
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(d) Ulterior motive behind the incl
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discrepancy between the realities i
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Photo 126Photo 126: RON-YY, which f
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Images Photographed by the Westerne
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As for Photo 130, RON-YY said, “O
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Photo A Photo 131Photo 131: Second
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and she found the following passage
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Images Photographed by the Japanese
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Photo 134Photo 134: Zusetsu Shōwa
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Photo FPhoto DPhoto EPhotos D and E
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much larger number POWs obeyed a sm
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Photo IPhoto 136Photo I: Fukyoka sh
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As for Nihon no shinryaku: Chūgoku
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Shanxi Province, and Nomonhan durin
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half open. Since Murase most likely
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Map 2Map 2: “Assault on Nanking.
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Photo N: A photograph among the rec
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emoved them away from the shore to
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find an old man lying on the ground
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spring or summer time—as illustra
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correspondents who assisted in the
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e-captioned pieces. This publicatio
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Analyzing the âPhotographic Evidenceâ of the Nanking Massacre