THE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS OF ACOUSTICS - H. H. Arnold ...

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204 9. Sound-Measuring InstrumentationFigure 9.23. The locations of microphones on an imaginary spherical surface surroundingthe source in a free field, according to ISO 3755.
9.20 Sound Power Measurement in a Diffuse Field 205Table 9.2. Microphones Array Positions a in a Free Field According toISO 3745.No. x/r y/r z/r1 −0.99 0 0.152 0.50 −0.86 0.153 0.50 0.86 0.154 −0.45 0.77 0.455 −0.45 −0.77 0.456 0.89 0 0.457 0.33 0.57 0.758 −0.66 0 0.759 0.33 −0.57 0.7510 0 0 1.011 0.99 0 −0.1512 −0.50 0.86 −0.1513 −0.50 −0.86 −0.1514 0.45 −0.77 −0.4515 0.45 0.77 −0.4516 −0.89 0 −0.4517 −0.33 −0.57 −0.7518 0.66 0 −0.7519 −0.33 0.57 −0.7520 0 0 −1.0a This table lists the Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) with the origin located at the centerof the source. The vertical axis is perpendicular to the horizontal plane z = 0.result of sound waves reflecting back and forth between room surfaces until theydie out. A steady noise source generates sound and builds up the sound pressurelevel from ambient level in the room, until an equilibrium sound pressure levelis reached. This occurs when the new acoustic energy emanating from the sourceoffsets the dissipation of reflected sound energy in the slightly elastic reflectingsurfaces (however hard they may be) and in the slightly viscous air of the chamberand through energy leakage from the room. The applicable international standardsfor measuring the sound power levels in reverberation chambers are ISO 3741and ISO 3742, the former giving details for broadband noise and the latter fordiscrete-frequency and narrow-band sources. The relationship between the soundpower of a source and the average reverberant sound level can be determined andallows calculation of the sound power.The procedure for measuring the sound power level in an echoic chamber maybe summarized as follows:1. The reverberation time T 60 is measured by using a standard technique prescribedby ISO 354. 33 Reverberation time T 60 for an enclosure is the time interval required for a sound pressure level todrop 60 dB after the sound source has been stopped. More detail treatment of T 60 is rendered inChapter 11.
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THE SCIENCE ANDAPPLICATIONS OFACOUS
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xPrefaceReferencesBacon, Sir Franci
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xiiContents16. Ultrasonics 44317. C
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2 1. A Capsule History of Acoustics
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1. A Capsule History of Acoustics 5
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12 1. A Capsule History of Acoustic
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14 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsFigu
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16 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics2.2
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18 2. Fundamentals of Acousticsof t
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20 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsQ z+
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22 2. Fundamentals of Acousticsin t
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24 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsWe c
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26 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics(2)
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28 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsEqua
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30 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics11.
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32 3. Sound Wave Propagation and Ch
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3.14 Performance Indices for Enviro
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3.14 Performance Indices for Enviro
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or in terms of complex exponential
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3.17 Sound Intensity 61Here the sur
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3.18 The Monopole Source 63The thre
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3.21 Energy Density 653.20 The Hemi
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References 67medium. The time avera
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Problems for Chapter 3 69(a) the wa
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4Vibrating Strings4.1 IntroductionI
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4.4 General Solution of the Wave Eq
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4.6 Simple Harmonic Solutions of th
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4.7 Standing Waves 77Figure 4.3. Di
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4.8 The Effect of Initial Condition
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4.10 Forced Vibrations in an Infini
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4.11 Strings of Finite Lengths: For
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References 854.12 Real Strings: Fre
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Problems for Chapter 4 878. A devic
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90 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.1. A b
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92 5. Vibrating BarsSettingc 2 = E/
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94 5. Vibrating BarsThe allowable f
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96 5. Vibrating Barsthe acceleratio
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98 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.5. Loc
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100 5. Vibrating Barsmore difficult
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102 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.7. An
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104 5. Vibrating Barsthe light beam
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106 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.8. Tr
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108 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.10. T
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110 5. Vibrating Barsof 0.005 m dia
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112 6. Membrane and PlatesFigure 6.
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114 6. Membrane and PlatesBecause t
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116 6. Membrane and PlatesThe left-
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118 6. Membrane and PlatesTable 6.1
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120 6. Membrane and PlatesIn real a
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122 6. Membrane and PlatesTable 6.2
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124 6. Membrane and PlatesAt low fr
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126 6. Membrane and PlatesThe elast
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128 6. Membrane and PlatesFor the f
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130 6. Membrane and Plates(b) Deter
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132 7. Pipes, Waveguides, and Reson
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Page 161 and 162: 152 8. Acoustic Analogs, Ducts, and
Page 181 and 182: 9Sound-Measuring Instrumentation9.1
Page 183 and 184: 9.3 Microphones 175Figure 9.1. A cu
Page 185 and 186: SolutionEquation (9.3) is applied t
Page 187 and 188: 9.5 Selection and Positioning of Mi
Page 189 and 190: 9.6 Vector Sound Intensity Probes 1
Page 191 and 192: 9.8 Proper Procedures for Using the
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Page 195 and 196: Example Problem 39.10 Dosimeters 18
Page 197 and 198: 9.11 Noise Measurement in Selected
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Page 201 and 202: 9.12 Real Time Analysis 193analyzer
Page 203 and 204: 9.13 Fast Fourier Transform Analysi
Page 205 and 206: 9.14 Data Windows and Selection of
Page 207 and 208: 9.16 Measurement Error 199whereβ =
Page 209 and 210: 9.18 Measurement of Sound in a Free
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Page 215 and 216: 9.23 The Addition Method for Measur
Page 217 and 218: References 209acoustical output and
Page 219 and 220: Problems for Chapter 9 2112. Determ
Page 221 and 222: 214 10. Physiology of Hearing and P
Page 249 and 250: 11Acoustics of Enclosed Spaces:Arch
Page 251 and 252: 11.2 Sound Fields 245Figure 11.1. P
Page 253 and 254: 11.4 Sound Intensity Growth in a Li
Page 255 and 256: 11.5 Sound Absorption Coefficients
Page 257 and 258: 11.6 Growth of Sound with Absorbent
Page 259 and 260: 11.7 Decay of Sound 253Following Sa
Page 261 and 262: 11.8 Decay of Sound in Dead Rooms 2
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11.9 Reverberation as Affected by S
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11.13 Sound Levels due to Direct an
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11.15 Concert Halls and Opera House
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Figure 11.9. A view of the Boston S
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11.16 Band Shells and Outdoor Audit
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11.16 Band Shells and Outdoor Audit
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11.17 Subjective Preferences in Sou
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References 277preferred subsequent
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Problems for Chapter 11 279Siebein,
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12Walls, Enclosures, and Barriers12
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12.3 Mass Control Case 283Figure 12
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12.5 Effect of Frequencies on Sound
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12.6 Coincidence Effect and Critica
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12.7 The Double-Panel Partition 289
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an ideal gas) varies in the followi
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12.8 Measuring Transmission Loss 29
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12.10 Combined Sound Transmission C
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12.11 Noise Insulation Ratings 297F
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12.11 Noise Insulation Ratings 299s
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12.12 Noise Reduction of a Wall 301
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12.12 Noise Reduction of a Wall 303
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12.14 Enclosures 305to the extent t
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12.14 Enclosures 307and similarly f
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12.15 Small Enclosures 309walls. Ac
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12.16 Acoustic Barriers 311Figure 1
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12.16 Acoustic Barriers 313In the c
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Equation (12.67) becomes(11D = λ+
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Problems for Chapter 12 3173. A 0.7
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13Criteria and Regulations forNoise
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13.3 The Occupational Safety and He
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13.4 Perception of Noise 323inspect
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13.6 Indoor Noise Criteria 325accou
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13.6 Indoor Noise Criteria 327Room
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13.7 Equivalent Sound Level, Day-Ni
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13.7 Equivalent Sound Level, Day-Ni
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Composite Noise Rating13.9 Rating o
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13.10 Evaluation of Traffic Noise 3
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Highway Construction Noise13.10 Eva
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13.11 Evaluation of Community Noise
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13.12 Guidelines and Regulations in
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References 353Computer Program, HIC
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Problems for Chapter 13 355Problems
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14Machinery Noise Control14.1 Intro
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14.4 Fan or Blower Noise 359Table 1
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14.4 Fan or Blower Noise 361Figure
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14.6 Pumps and Plumbing Systems 367
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14.6 Pumps and Plumbing Systems 369
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14.8 Gears 371fromwheref BRC = N r
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14.8 Gears 373Figure 14.7. Gear noi
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14.8 Gears 375Figure 14.8. Gear tra
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14.8 Gears 377The subscripts 1 and
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14.10 Ball and Roller Bearings 379l
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14.10 Ball and Roller Bearings 381c
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14.11 Other Mechanical Drive Elemen
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Belt Drivesf CL = n 1N 1 2400 × 12
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14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 387said to be c
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14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 389power discha
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Solution14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 391Usin
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 393Solu
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 395Figu
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 397Figu
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14.14 Mufflers and Silencers 399Fig
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(1 + m)A I 1=A 314.14 Mufflers and
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14.14 Mufflers and Silencers 403Let
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References 405Figure 14.21 illustra
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Problems for Chapter 14 407the nois
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15Underwater Acoustics15.1 Sound Pr
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15.3 Speed of Sound in Seawater 411
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15.4 Velocity Profiles in the Sea 4
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15.4 Velocity Profiles in the Sea 4
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15.5 Underwater Transmission Loss 4
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15.6 Parametric Variation of Absorp
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15.8 Underwater Refraction 421Figur
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15.9 Mixed Layer 423When G is const
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15.11 Sonar Transducers and Their P
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Example Problem 115.12 The Sonar Eq
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Active and Passive Equations15.12 T
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15.13 Noise, Echo, and Reverberatio
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15.13 Noise, Echo, and Reverberatio
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15.14 Transient Form of Sonar Equat
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Example Problem 315.16 Shortcomings
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15.17 Theoretical Target Strength o
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Problems for Chapter 15 441Wilson,
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444 16. Ultrasonicscatching small i
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446 16. UltrasonicsPlanck constant
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448 16. UltrasonicsEquation (16.5)
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450 16. UltrasonicsFigure 16.1. Sou
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452 16. Ultrasonicsthe positive hal
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454 16. Ultrasonicson each and ever
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456 16. Ultrasonicscomplete as a li
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458 16. Ultrasonicsinitial of their
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460 16. Ultrasonicsoptic axis, deno
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462 16. Ultrasonicstransducer, it h
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464 16. UltrasonicsTable 16.1. Valu
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466 16. Ultrasonicsthe mechanical r
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468 16. UltrasonicsThe Physics of M
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470 16. UltrasonicsFigure 16.7. The
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472 16. Ultrasonicscurvilinear arra
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474 16. Ultrasonics(a)amplitudeinpu
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476 16. Ultrasonicsslow to allow th
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478 16. Ultrasonics5. In the cases
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480 17. Commercial and Medical Ultr
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510 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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Figure 18.7. The frequencies of the
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Figure 18.20. The violin octet deve
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570 19. Sound ReproductionAlbert, a
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572 19. Sound ReproductionD. Magnet
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574 19. Sound Reproductionon, machi
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576 19. Sound ReproductionIt is fai
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578 19. Sound ReproductionINNER SUS
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580 19. Sound Reproductiontuned ape
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582 19. Sound Reproductionuse of MP
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584 19. Sound ReproductionDickason,
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586 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
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618 21. Nonlinear Acousticsby∇ 2
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620 21. Nonlinear Acousticsmay be i
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622 21. Nonlinear Acousticswhereδ
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624 21. Nonlinear AcousticsThe shoc
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626 21. Nonlinear AcousticsBut the
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Appendix APhysical Properties of Ma
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Appendix A. Physical Properties of
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Appendix BBessel FunctionsB.1 The B
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B.8 Tables of Bessel Functions, Zer
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Appendix CUsing Laplace Transforms
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C.3 Solving Differential Equations
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C.4 Equations with Multiple-Order R
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SolutionC.5 Equations with Complex
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C.5 Equations with Complex Roots 64
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SolutionC.5 Equations with Complex
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650 IndexAuditoriums, design of, 26
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652 IndexElectrostatic speakers, 58
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654 IndexKey notation, 518Kinetic e
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656 IndexPascal (unit), 48Percent i
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658 IndexSound intensity growth in
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660 IndexWater-hammer arresters, 37
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