THE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS OF ACOUSTICS - H. H. Arnold ...

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16.7 Basic Instrumentation: Scanning Methods 475TRANSDUCERxyzR 2R 3WORKPIECER 1Figure 16.11. Schematic of a scanning mechanism in an immersion tank. The transducercan be translated and angulated to aim at a target.x- and y-directions while propagating signals in the z-direction (travel time isalong the z-direction).A B-scan portrays an x–z slice of the workpiece at a specific position y i and thenmakes another x–z survey at y z+1 , and so on. The transducer travels along x at arate allowing the ultrasonic pulse to interrogate the workpiece many times over thex-direction of the workpiece. The pulse repetition rate must be kept sufficiently
476 16. Ultrasonicsslow to allow the previous pulse to drop below the noise level before the next pulseis sent. One of the coordinates on the display is the position x B representing thelocation the transducer was at the time of arrival t B of a refection from a reflectorR (R 1 or R 2 or R 3 ) as shown in Figure 16.11, depending on whether the beamin the slice y passes over them. It follows that t B represents the other coordinateof the point (x B , t B ). If the display is assigned a gray scale, the brightness ofthe display corresponds to the amplitude of the reflection. In order to establish an“on-off” scale, a threshold may be assigned to that only echoes exceeding a certainamplitude are displayed. The B-scan procedure is extensively used in medicalultrasonics, especially in obstetrics.C-ScanThe C-scan procedure differs from B-scan in that, while the transducer scansalong the x-axis in consecutive steps y i , the coordinate on the display is (x, y).The display is nonzero only if a reflecting surface R lies within the beam rangealong z centered at (x, y). This configuration would ordinarily result in the echoesfrom the front and back surfaces of the workpiece swamping the display, but theyare disallowed by setting up a range gate to accept and transmit echoes only ifthey arise from regions below the top surface and above the bottom surface of theworkpiece. It is also apparent that the range gate can be narrowed to accept signalsfrom a slice thinner in the z-direction. A threshold may also be prescribed withinthe gate so that only signals above a set amplitude will be displayed. A gray scalecan also be assigned.In both the B-scan and A-scan procedures, a computer can be utilized for datastorage and image enhancement. Color monitors can be useful for pseduocolorgray scales. 2ReferencesAtchley, A. A. and Crum, L.A. 1988. Acoustic cavitation and bubble dynamics. In: Ultrasound:Its Chemical, Physical and Biological Effects. Suslink, K. S. (ed.). New York:VCH Publishers, pp. 1–64.Bardeen, J. B., Cooper, L. N., and Schrieffer, J. R. 1957. Theory of superconductivity.Physics Review 108:1175.Blake, J. R., Boulton-Stone, J. M., and Thomas, N. H. (eds.). 1994. Bubble Dynamics andInterface Phenomena. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer.Blitz, Jack. 1967. Fundamentals of Ultrasonics, 2nd ed. New York: Plenum Press. (A bitdated, but this remains a very clear exposition of the ultrasonic field.)Brown, B. and Goodman, J. E. 1965. High Intensity Ultrasonics. London: Iliffe.Crum, L. A. 1994. Sonoluminescence. Physics Today. September: pp. 22–29.2 “Color” displays for ultrasound analyses do not represent optical colors of the ultrasound targets, perse. Rather, they indicate values assigned to specific parameters of ultrasound reflections.
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THE SCIENCE ANDAPPLICATIONS OFACOUS
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xPrefaceReferencesBacon, Sir Franci
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xiiContents16. Ultrasonics 44317. C
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2 1. A Capsule History of Acoustics
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1. A Capsule History of Acoustics 5
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12 1. A Capsule History of Acoustic
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14 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsFigu
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16 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics2.2
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18 2. Fundamentals of Acousticsof t
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20 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsQ z+
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22 2. Fundamentals of Acousticsin t
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24 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsWe c
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26 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics(2)
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28 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsEqua
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30 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics11.
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32 3. Sound Wave Propagation and Ch
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3.14 Performance Indices for Enviro
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3.14 Performance Indices for Enviro
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or in terms of complex exponential
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3.17 Sound Intensity 61Here the sur
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3.18 The Monopole Source 63The thre
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3.21 Energy Density 653.20 The Hemi
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References 67medium. The time avera
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Problems for Chapter 3 69(a) the wa
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4Vibrating Strings4.1 IntroductionI
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4.4 General Solution of the Wave Eq
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4.6 Simple Harmonic Solutions of th
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4.7 Standing Waves 77Figure 4.3. Di
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4.8 The Effect of Initial Condition
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4.10 Forced Vibrations in an Infini
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4.11 Strings of Finite Lengths: For
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References 854.12 Real Strings: Fre
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Problems for Chapter 4 878. A devic
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90 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.1. A b
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92 5. Vibrating BarsSettingc 2 = E/
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94 5. Vibrating BarsThe allowable f
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96 5. Vibrating Barsthe acceleratio
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98 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.5. Loc
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100 5. Vibrating Barsmore difficult
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102 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.7. An
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104 5. Vibrating Barsthe light beam
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106 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.8. Tr
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108 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.10. T
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110 5. Vibrating Barsof 0.005 m dia
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112 6. Membrane and PlatesFigure 6.
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114 6. Membrane and PlatesBecause t
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116 6. Membrane and PlatesThe left-
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118 6. Membrane and PlatesTable 6.1
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120 6. Membrane and PlatesIn real a
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122 6. Membrane and PlatesTable 6.2
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124 6. Membrane and PlatesAt low fr
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126 6. Membrane and PlatesThe elast
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128 6. Membrane and PlatesFor the f
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130 6. Membrane and Plates(b) Deter
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132 7. Pipes, Waveguides, and Reson
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152 8. Acoustic Analogs, Ducts, and
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9Sound-Measuring Instrumentation9.1
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9.3 Microphones 175Figure 9.1. A cu
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SolutionEquation (9.3) is applied t
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9.5 Selection and Positioning of Mi
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9.6 Vector Sound Intensity Probes 1
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9.8 Proper Procedures for Using the
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9.8 Proper Procedures for Using the
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Example Problem 39.10 Dosimeters 18
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9.11 Noise Measurement in Selected
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9.11 Noise Measurement in Selected
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9.12 Real Time Analysis 193analyzer
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9.13 Fast Fourier Transform Analysi
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9.14 Data Windows and Selection of
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9.16 Measurement Error 199whereβ =
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9.18 Measurement of Sound in a Free
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9.20 Sound Power Measurement in a D
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9.20 Sound Power Measurement in a D
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9.23 The Addition Method for Measur
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References 209acoustical output and
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Problems for Chapter 9 2112. Determ
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214 10. Physiology of Hearing and P
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11Acoustics of Enclosed Spaces:Arch
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11.2 Sound Fields 245Figure 11.1. P
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11.4 Sound Intensity Growth in a Li
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11.5 Sound Absorption Coefficients
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11.6 Growth of Sound with Absorbent
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11.7 Decay of Sound 253Following Sa
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11.8 Decay of Sound in Dead Rooms 2
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11.9 Reverberation as Affected by S
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11.13 Sound Levels due to Direct an
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11.15 Concert Halls and Opera House
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Figure 11.9. A view of the Boston S
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11.16 Band Shells and Outdoor Audit
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11.16 Band Shells and Outdoor Audit
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11.17 Subjective Preferences in Sou
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References 277preferred subsequent
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Problems for Chapter 11 279Siebein,
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12Walls, Enclosures, and Barriers12
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12.3 Mass Control Case 283Figure 12
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12.5 Effect of Frequencies on Sound
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12.6 Coincidence Effect and Critica
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12.7 The Double-Panel Partition 289
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an ideal gas) varies in the followi
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12.8 Measuring Transmission Loss 29
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12.10 Combined Sound Transmission C
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12.11 Noise Insulation Ratings 297F
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12.11 Noise Insulation Ratings 299s
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12.12 Noise Reduction of a Wall 301
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12.12 Noise Reduction of a Wall 303
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12.14 Enclosures 305to the extent t
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12.14 Enclosures 307and similarly f
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12.15 Small Enclosures 309walls. Ac
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12.16 Acoustic Barriers 311Figure 1
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12.16 Acoustic Barriers 313In the c
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Equation (12.67) becomes(11D = λ+
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Problems for Chapter 12 3173. A 0.7
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13Criteria and Regulations forNoise
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13.3 The Occupational Safety and He
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13.4 Perception of Noise 323inspect
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13.6 Indoor Noise Criteria 325accou
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13.6 Indoor Noise Criteria 327Room
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13.7 Equivalent Sound Level, Day-Ni
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13.7 Equivalent Sound Level, Day-Ni
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Composite Noise Rating13.9 Rating o
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13.10 Evaluation of Traffic Noise 3
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Highway Construction Noise13.10 Eva
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13.11 Evaluation of Community Noise
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13.12 Guidelines and Regulations in
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References 353Computer Program, HIC
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Problems for Chapter 13 355Problems
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14Machinery Noise Control14.1 Intro
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14.4 Fan or Blower Noise 359Table 1
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14.4 Fan or Blower Noise 361Figure
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14.6 Pumps and Plumbing Systems 367
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14.6 Pumps and Plumbing Systems 369
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14.8 Gears 371fromwheref BRC = N r
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14.8 Gears 373Figure 14.7. Gear noi
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14.8 Gears 375Figure 14.8. Gear tra
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14.8 Gears 377The subscripts 1 and
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14.10 Ball and Roller Bearings 379l
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14.10 Ball and Roller Bearings 381c
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14.11 Other Mechanical Drive Elemen
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Belt Drivesf CL = n 1N 1 2400 × 12
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14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 387said to be c
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14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 389power discha
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Solution14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 391Usin
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 393Solu
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 395Figu
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 397Figu
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14.14 Mufflers and Silencers 399Fig
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(1 + m)A I 1=A 314.14 Mufflers and
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14.14 Mufflers and Silencers 403Let
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References 405Figure 14.21 illustra
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Problems for Chapter 14 407the nois
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15Underwater Acoustics15.1 Sound Pr
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15.3 Speed of Sound in Seawater 411
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15.4 Velocity Profiles in the Sea 4
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15.4 Velocity Profiles in the Sea 4
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15.5 Underwater Transmission Loss 4
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15.6 Parametric Variation of Absorp
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15.8 Underwater Refraction 421Figur
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Page 435 and 436: Active and Passive Equations15.12 T
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Page 441 and 442: 15.14 Transient Form of Sonar Equat
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Page 445 and 446: 15.17 Theoretical Target Strength o
Page 447 and 448: Problems for Chapter 15 441Wilson,
Page 449 and 450: 444 16. Ultrasonicscatching small i
Page 451 and 452: 446 16. UltrasonicsPlanck constant
Page 453 and 454: 448 16. UltrasonicsEquation (16.5)
Page 455 and 456: 450 16. UltrasonicsFigure 16.1. Sou
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Page 469 and 470: 464 16. UltrasonicsTable 16.1. Valu
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Page 485 and 486: 480 17. Commercial and Medical Ultr
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526 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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Figure 18.20. The violin octet deve
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570 19. Sound ReproductionAlbert, a
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572 19. Sound ReproductionD. Magnet
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574 19. Sound Reproductionon, machi
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576 19. Sound ReproductionIt is fai
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578 19. Sound ReproductionINNER SUS
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580 19. Sound Reproductiontuned ape
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582 19. Sound Reproductionuse of MP
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584 19. Sound ReproductionDickason,
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586 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
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618 21. Nonlinear Acousticsby∇ 2
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620 21. Nonlinear Acousticsmay be i
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622 21. Nonlinear Acousticswhereδ
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624 21. Nonlinear AcousticsThe shoc
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626 21. Nonlinear AcousticsBut the
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Appendix APhysical Properties of Ma
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Appendix A. Physical Properties of
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Appendix BBessel FunctionsB.1 The B
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B.8 Tables of Bessel Functions, Zer
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Appendix CUsing Laplace Transforms
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C.3 Solving Differential Equations
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C.4 Equations with Multiple-Order R
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SolutionC.5 Equations with Complex
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C.5 Equations with Complex Roots 64
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SolutionC.5 Equations with Complex
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650 IndexAuditoriums, design of, 26
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652 IndexElectrostatic speakers, 58
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654 IndexKey notation, 518Kinetic e
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656 IndexPascal (unit), 48Percent i
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658 IndexSound intensity growth in
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660 IndexWater-hammer arresters, 37
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