THE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS OF ACOUSTICS - H. H. Arnold ...

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17.4 Medical Uses of Ultrasound 505surgery. To date, success has been achieved by the University of Washington groupin identifying patients with internal bleeding and in the use of HIFU in the operatingroom to stop bleeding in the organs and vessels of animals.Another promising technology still under development testing for use in biopsiesis that of augmented reality system, in which 3D ultrasound technology is combinedwith virtual reality (State et al., 1996). This concept uses ultrasound echographyimaging, laparoscopic (referring to the use of a small video camera to performsurgery) range imaging, a video see-through head-mounted display (HMD), anda high-performance graphics computers to generate live images through the useof computer-generated imagery with the live video. An augmented reality systempresents live ultrasound data or laparoscopic range data in real time while recordingdata from the part of the patient that is being scanned.Advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diagnostic ultrasoundimaging will allow these two areas to be combined. Manufacturers of MRI equipmentare developing models that combine therapeutic functions such as ultrasoundwith imaging processes. One company (Therus Corporation, Seattle, WA)is combining ultrasound diagnostic imaging with a separate therapeutic ultrasoundcapability to produce a relatively small, portable system that can be carried byparamedics and rescue workers for use at the site of disaster.A newer method of targeted drug delivery is that of sonophoresis, which usessound waves instead of needles to inject drugs such as insulin and interferonthrough the skin. The high-frequency waves open tiny holes in cell membranes, thusrendering the cells temporarily permeable in localized regions and allowing betterpenetration of the drug into the blood vessels below the skin. This results in greatereffectiveness of the drug, lessens the dosage requirements and toxicity, and allowsfor more precise localization of drug delivery. Although the mechanisms by whichultrasound augments these effects are only partially understood, it is known thatultrasound produces biophysical reactions yielding hydroxyl radicals that in turnaffect cell membranes. A system developed by Ekos Corporation of Bothell, WA, todissolve life-threatening blood clots constitutes an early application of ultrasounddrug delivery. The Ekos device injects thrombolytic drugs through a catheter usinglow-energy, localized ultrasound to the target site in the body. Thrombolytics,which are generally administrated to break up clots, are dramatically more effectivewith the use of ultrasound because the sound waves help to concentrate the drugsat the site of the clot. Ekos’s device and similar products are meant to providetreatment of cardiovascular obstructive diseases (e.g., stroke and arterial and deepveinthrombosis). In these types of ailments, rapid response is critical, and therapynecessitates applications of massive doses of clot-dissolving drugs over 72 h.Ultrasound may also be used with antiresrenosis agents, which are intended toprevent coronary arteries from reclosing after angioplasty—a procedure in whicha balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a clogged vessel and the balloon is inflatedto open up the vessel.Another long-term application is the use of ultrasound to deliver insulin throughthe skin for treating diabetes. It may be even possible through ultrasound to penetratethe blood–brain barrier, which insulates the brain from foreign substances
506 17. Commercial and Medical Ultrasound Applicationsand also prevents many drugs from reaching diseased tissues there, so that theeffects of chemotherapy can be enhanced.Higher frequencies of ultrasound can cause the transfer of large molecules suchas DNA to migrate among cells, as the result of sonoporation, which enhances theporous effect on cell membranes by induction of ultrasonic shock waves through alithotripter. One pharmaceutical company (ImaRx, Tucson, AZ) developed a genedeliveringsystem for improving gene expression, i.e., revising a gene’s geneticcode to make a specific protein. The ImaRx system employs acoustically drivenmicrobubbles that carry the gene and fluorinated compounds that serve as markersto detect the DNA. The ultrasound assists in delivering the DNA to targeted areas inthe body and in tracking its progress through the use of contrasting agents injectedwith the microbubbles of genetic material.ReferencesAIUM. 2000. Mechanical bioeffects from diagnostic ultrasound: AIUM consensus statements.Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 19/2. Bethesda, MD: American Institute ofUltrasound in Medicine.Bachman, Donald M., Crewson, Philip E., and Lewis, Rebecca S. 2002. Comparisonof heel ultrasound and finger DXA to central DXA in the detection of osteoporosis.Implications for patient management. Journal of Clinical Densitometry 5(2): 131–142.Barnett, S. B. and Kossoff, G. (eds.). 1998. Safety of Diagnostic Ultrasound. Progress inObstetric and Gynecological Sonography Series. Parthenon.Barnett, S. B. (ed.). 1998. WFUMB Symposium on Safety of Ultrasound in Medicine. Conclusionsand Recommendations on Thermal and Mechanical Mechanisms for BiologicalEffects of Ultrasound. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 24, Supplement 1.Baum, G., Cruz, B., and Rosenblatt, R. 1980. Advantages of ultrasound mammography.Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. Amsterdam: Excerota Medica.Bruining, N., Burgelen, C. V., De Feyter, J., et al. 1998. Dynamic imaging of coronarystructures: an ECG-gated three-dimensional intercoronary ultrasound in humans. Ultrasoundin Medicine & Biology 24: 631–637.Brown, B. and Goodman, J. E. 1965. High Intensity Ultrasonics. London: Iliffe.Crum, Lawrence A. 2004. Therapeutic Ultrasound. Proceedings of the Advanced Metrologyfor Ultrasound in Medicine Meeting, April 27–28, 2004. Teddington, UK.Chen, L., Ter Haar, Gail, Hill, C. R. et al. 1998. Treatment of implanted livertumors with focused ultrasound. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 24: 1475–1488.Dalke, H. E. and Welkowitz, W. J. 1960. Journal of the Instrument Society of America7(10): 60–63.Degenhardt, F., Jibril, S., and Eisenhauer, B. 1996. Hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography(HyCoSy) for determining tubal patency. Clinical Radiology 51(s1): 15–18.Ensminger, Dale. 1988. Ultrasonics: Fundamental, Technology, Applications, 2nd ed. NewYork: Marcel Dekker.EPSUMB Study Group. 2004. Guidelines for the use of contrast agents in ultrasound.Ultraschall in Medizine 25: 249–256.
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THE SCIENCE ANDAPPLICATIONS OFACOUS
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xPrefaceReferencesBacon, Sir Franci
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xiiContents16. Ultrasonics 44317. C
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2 1. A Capsule History of Acoustics
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1. A Capsule History of Acoustics 5
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12 1. A Capsule History of Acoustic
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14 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsFigu
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16 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics2.2
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18 2. Fundamentals of Acousticsof t
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20 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsQ z+
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22 2. Fundamentals of Acousticsin t
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24 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsWe c
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26 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics(2)
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28 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsEqua
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30 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics11.
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32 3. Sound Wave Propagation and Ch
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3.14 Performance Indices for Enviro
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3.14 Performance Indices for Enviro
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or in terms of complex exponential
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3.17 Sound Intensity 61Here the sur
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3.18 The Monopole Source 63The thre
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3.21 Energy Density 653.20 The Hemi
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References 67medium. The time avera
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Problems for Chapter 3 69(a) the wa
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4Vibrating Strings4.1 IntroductionI
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4.4 General Solution of the Wave Eq
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4.6 Simple Harmonic Solutions of th
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4.7 Standing Waves 77Figure 4.3. Di
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4.8 The Effect of Initial Condition
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4.10 Forced Vibrations in an Infini
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4.11 Strings of Finite Lengths: For
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References 854.12 Real Strings: Fre
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Problems for Chapter 4 878. A devic
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90 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.1. A b
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92 5. Vibrating BarsSettingc 2 = E/
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94 5. Vibrating BarsThe allowable f
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96 5. Vibrating Barsthe acceleratio
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98 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.5. Loc
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100 5. Vibrating Barsmore difficult
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102 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.7. An
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104 5. Vibrating Barsthe light beam
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106 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.8. Tr
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108 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.10. T
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110 5. Vibrating Barsof 0.005 m dia
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112 6. Membrane and PlatesFigure 6.
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114 6. Membrane and PlatesBecause t
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116 6. Membrane and PlatesThe left-
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118 6. Membrane and PlatesTable 6.1
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120 6. Membrane and PlatesIn real a
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122 6. Membrane and PlatesTable 6.2
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124 6. Membrane and PlatesAt low fr
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126 6. Membrane and PlatesThe elast
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128 6. Membrane and PlatesFor the f
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130 6. Membrane and Plates(b) Deter
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132 7. Pipes, Waveguides, and Reson
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152 8. Acoustic Analogs, Ducts, and
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9Sound-Measuring Instrumentation9.1
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9.3 Microphones 175Figure 9.1. A cu
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SolutionEquation (9.3) is applied t
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9.5 Selection and Positioning of Mi
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9.6 Vector Sound Intensity Probes 1
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9.8 Proper Procedures for Using the
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9.8 Proper Procedures for Using the
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Example Problem 39.10 Dosimeters 18
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9.11 Noise Measurement in Selected
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9.11 Noise Measurement in Selected
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9.12 Real Time Analysis 193analyzer
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9.13 Fast Fourier Transform Analysi
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9.14 Data Windows and Selection of
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9.16 Measurement Error 199whereβ =
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9.18 Measurement of Sound in a Free
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9.20 Sound Power Measurement in a D
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9.20 Sound Power Measurement in a D
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9.23 The Addition Method for Measur
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References 209acoustical output and
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Problems for Chapter 9 2112. Determ
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214 10. Physiology of Hearing and P
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11Acoustics of Enclosed Spaces:Arch
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11.2 Sound Fields 245Figure 11.1. P
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11.4 Sound Intensity Growth in a Li
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11.5 Sound Absorption Coefficients
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11.6 Growth of Sound with Absorbent
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11.7 Decay of Sound 253Following Sa
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11.8 Decay of Sound in Dead Rooms 2
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11.9 Reverberation as Affected by S
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11.13 Sound Levels due to Direct an
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11.15 Concert Halls and Opera House
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Figure 11.9. A view of the Boston S
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11.16 Band Shells and Outdoor Audit
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11.16 Band Shells and Outdoor Audit
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11.17 Subjective Preferences in Sou
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References 277preferred subsequent
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Problems for Chapter 11 279Siebein,
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12Walls, Enclosures, and Barriers12
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12.3 Mass Control Case 283Figure 12
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12.5 Effect of Frequencies on Sound
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12.6 Coincidence Effect and Critica
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12.7 The Double-Panel Partition 289
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an ideal gas) varies in the followi
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12.8 Measuring Transmission Loss 29
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12.10 Combined Sound Transmission C
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12.11 Noise Insulation Ratings 297F
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12.11 Noise Insulation Ratings 299s
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12.12 Noise Reduction of a Wall 301
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12.12 Noise Reduction of a Wall 303
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12.14 Enclosures 305to the extent t
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12.14 Enclosures 307and similarly f
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12.15 Small Enclosures 309walls. Ac
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12.16 Acoustic Barriers 311Figure 1
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12.16 Acoustic Barriers 313In the c
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Equation (12.67) becomes(11D = λ+
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Problems for Chapter 12 3173. A 0.7
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13Criteria and Regulations forNoise
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13.3 The Occupational Safety and He
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13.4 Perception of Noise 323inspect
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13.6 Indoor Noise Criteria 325accou
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13.6 Indoor Noise Criteria 327Room
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13.7 Equivalent Sound Level, Day-Ni
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13.7 Equivalent Sound Level, Day-Ni
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Composite Noise Rating13.9 Rating o
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13.10 Evaluation of Traffic Noise 3
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Highway Construction Noise13.10 Eva
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13.11 Evaluation of Community Noise
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13.12 Guidelines and Regulations in
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References 353Computer Program, HIC
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Problems for Chapter 13 355Problems
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14Machinery Noise Control14.1 Intro
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14.4 Fan or Blower Noise 359Table 1
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14.4 Fan or Blower Noise 361Figure
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14.6 Pumps and Plumbing Systems 367
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14.6 Pumps and Plumbing Systems 369
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14.8 Gears 371fromwheref BRC = N r
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14.8 Gears 373Figure 14.7. Gear noi
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14.8 Gears 375Figure 14.8. Gear tra
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14.8 Gears 377The subscripts 1 and
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14.10 Ball and Roller Bearings 379l
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14.10 Ball and Roller Bearings 381c
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14.11 Other Mechanical Drive Elemen
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Belt Drivesf CL = n 1N 1 2400 × 12
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14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 387said to be c
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14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 389power discha
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Solution14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 391Usin
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 393Solu
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 395Figu
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 397Figu
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14.14 Mufflers and Silencers 399Fig
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(1 + m)A I 1=A 314.14 Mufflers and
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14.14 Mufflers and Silencers 403Let
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References 405Figure 14.21 illustra
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Problems for Chapter 14 407the nois
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15Underwater Acoustics15.1 Sound Pr
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15.3 Speed of Sound in Seawater 411
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15.4 Velocity Profiles in the Sea 4
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15.4 Velocity Profiles in the Sea 4
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15.5 Underwater Transmission Loss 4
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15.6 Parametric Variation of Absorp
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15.8 Underwater Refraction 421Figur
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15.9 Mixed Layer 423When G is const
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15.11 Sonar Transducers and Their P
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Example Problem 115.12 The Sonar Eq
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Active and Passive Equations15.12 T
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15.13 Noise, Echo, and Reverberatio
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15.13 Noise, Echo, and Reverberatio
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15.14 Transient Form of Sonar Equat
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Example Problem 315.16 Shortcomings
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15.17 Theoretical Target Strength o
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Problems for Chapter 15 441Wilson,
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444 16. Ultrasonicscatching small i
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446 16. UltrasonicsPlanck constant
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448 16. UltrasonicsEquation (16.5)
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450 16. UltrasonicsFigure 16.1. Sou
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452 16. Ultrasonicsthe positive hal
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Page 485 and 486: 480 17. Commercial and Medical Ultr
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Page 515 and 516: 510 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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556 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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570 19. Sound ReproductionAlbert, a
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572 19. Sound ReproductionD. Magnet
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574 19. Sound Reproductionon, machi
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576 19. Sound ReproductionIt is fai
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578 19. Sound ReproductionINNER SUS
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580 19. Sound Reproductiontuned ape
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582 19. Sound Reproductionuse of MP
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584 19. Sound ReproductionDickason,
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586 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
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618 21. Nonlinear Acousticsby∇ 2
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620 21. Nonlinear Acousticsmay be i
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622 21. Nonlinear Acousticswhereδ
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624 21. Nonlinear AcousticsThe shoc
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626 21. Nonlinear AcousticsBut the
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Appendix APhysical Properties of Ma
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Appendix A. Physical Properties of
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Appendix BBessel FunctionsB.1 The B
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B.8 Tables of Bessel Functions, Zer
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Appendix CUsing Laplace Transforms
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C.3 Solving Differential Equations
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C.4 Equations with Multiple-Order R
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SolutionC.5 Equations with Complex
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C.5 Equations with Complex Roots 64
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SolutionC.5 Equations with Complex
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650 IndexAuditoriums, design of, 26
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652 IndexElectrostatic speakers, 58
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654 IndexKey notation, 518Kinetic e
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656 IndexPascal (unit), 48Percent i
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658 IndexSound intensity growth in
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660 IndexWater-hammer arresters, 37
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