THE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS OF ACOUSTICS - H. H. Arnold ...

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References 239sensitivity similar in most respects to that found for the most sensitive membersof the mammal class, with avian performance clearly inferior above and belowthis range of frequencies. Possible exceptions to this general picture include theecholocating oilbird (Steatornis caripensis) and growing evidence that pigeons(Columba livia) are sensitive to infrasound at moderate intensity levels.ReferencesAmerican National Standards Institute. 1969. ANSI 1969: Methods for Calculation of theArticulation Index (ANSI S3.5-1969, revised 1989). New York: Acoustical Society ofAmerica.American National Standards Institute. 1989. ANSI 1969: American National StandardSpecification for Audiometers (ANSI S3.6-1969, revised 1989). New York: AcousticalSociety of America.American National Standards Institute. 1986. ANSI 1973: American National PsychoacousticTerminology (ANSI S3.20-1973, revised 1986). New York: Acoustical Societyof America.Crocker, Malcolm J. (ed.). 1997. Encyclopedia of Acoustics, Vol. 2. Parts XI and XII.Dorman, Michael F. and Wilson, Blake S. 2004. The design and function of cochlearimplants. American Scientist 92:436–445.Dudson, R. S. and King, I. H. 1952. A determination of the normal threshold of hearing andits relation to the standardization of audiometers. Journal of Laryngology and Otology66:366–378. [Reproduced in “Forty Germinal Papers in Human Hearing,” Harris, J.Donald (ed.). Groton, C. T. Journal of Auditory Research, 1969; pp. 600–601.]French, N. R. and Steinberg, J. C. 1947. Factors governing the intelligibility of speechsounds. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 19:90–119.Harris, J. Donald and Myers, C. K. 1971. Tentative audiometric hearing threshold levelstandards from 8 through 19 kilohertz. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America49:600–601.Hawkins, J.E., Jr. and Stevens, S. S. 1950. The masking of pure tones and speech by whitenoise. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 22:12.Kanzaki, S., Beyer, L. A., Canlon, B., Meixner, W. M., and Raphael, Y. The cytocaud: Ahair cell pathology in the waltzing guinea pig. Audiology & Neural Otology.Kawamoto, Kohei, Brough, Douglas E., et al. 2003. Journal of Neuroscience.Kinsler, Lawrence E., Frey, Austin R., Coppens, Alan B., and Sanders, James V. 1982.Fundamentals of Acoustics, 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Chapter 11.Kleine, Ulrich and Mauthe, Manfred. 1994. Designing circuits for hearing instruments.Siemens Review R& D Special.Kryter, Karl D. 1970. The Effects of Noise on Man. New York: Academic Press.Lipscomb, David M. 1974. Noise: The Unwanted Sound. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall.Manci, Karen M., Gladwin, Douglas N., Villella, Rita, and Cavendish, Mary G. 1988.Effects of aircraft noise and sonic booms on domestic animals and wildlife: a literaturesynthesis. Report NERC 88/29 AFE TR 88.14. Washington DC: U.S. Department of theInterior.Miyamoto, R. T., Houston, D. M., Kirk, K. I., Perdew, A. E., and Svirsky, M. A. 2003.Language development in deaf infants following cochlear implantation. Acta Otolaryngologica123:241–244.
240 10. Physiology of Hearing and PsychoacousticsNewby, Hayes A. and Popelka, Gerald R. 1992. Audiology, 6th ed. New York: PrenticeHall.Robinson, D. W. and Dudson, R. S. 1956. A re-determination of equal loudness relationsfor pure tones. British Journal of Applied Physics 7:166–181. [Reproduced by: FortyGerminal Papers in Human Hearing.” Harris, J. Donald (ed.). Groton, CT: The Journalof Auditoroy Research, 1969:600–601.]Sandlin, R. E. 1988. Handbook of Hearing Aid Amplification. Vol. I: Theoretical andTechnical Considerations. Boston: College Hill Press.Sandlin R. E. 1990. Handbook of Hearing Aid Amplification. Vol. II: Clinical Considerationsand Fitting Practices. Boston: College Hill Press.Sataloff, Robert T. and Sataloff, Joseph, 1993. Hearing Loss, 3rd ed. New York: MarcelDekker, Inc.Schow, Ronald L. and Nerbonne, Michael A. 1989. Introduction to Aural Rehabilitation,2nd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.Silman, Shlomo and Silverman, Carol A. 1991. Auditory Diagnosis—Principles and Applications.New York: Academic Press.University of Michigan Health System. 2005. June 2, 2003. Gene therapy triggergrowth of new auditory hair cells in mammals. [On line] http://www.med.umich.edu/opm/newspage/2003/haircells.htmVon Békésy, Georg. 1978. Experiments in Hearing. Huntington, NY: Kreiger.Von Ilberg, C. J., Kiefer, J., Tillein, T., et al. 1999. Electro-acoustic stimulation of theauditory system: New technology for severe hearing loss. ORL: Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties 61:334–340.Wang, J. T. R., Van De Water, C. Bonny, et al. 2003. A peptide inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminalkinase protects against both aminoglycoside and acoustic trauma-induced auditory haircell death, and hearing loss. Journal of Neuroscience 23:8596–8607.Problems for Chapter 101. Find the articulation index for a male speaker at a normal level 1 m from alistener if we have the following background noise spectrum:Center Frequency, HzNoise Level, dB200 42250 39315 44400 46500 48630 38800 301000 261250 201600 232000 182500 153150 144000 105000 10
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THE SCIENCE ANDAPPLICATIONS OFACOUS
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xPrefaceReferencesBacon, Sir Franci
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xiiContents16. Ultrasonics 44317. C
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2 1. A Capsule History of Acoustics
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1. A Capsule History of Acoustics 5
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12 1. A Capsule History of Acoustic
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14 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsFigu
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16 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics2.2
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18 2. Fundamentals of Acousticsof t
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20 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsQ z+
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22 2. Fundamentals of Acousticsin t
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24 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsWe c
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26 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics(2)
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28 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsEqua
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30 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics11.
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32 3. Sound Wave Propagation and Ch
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3.14 Performance Indices for Enviro
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3.14 Performance Indices for Enviro
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or in terms of complex exponential
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3.17 Sound Intensity 61Here the sur
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3.18 The Monopole Source 63The thre
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3.21 Energy Density 653.20 The Hemi
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References 67medium. The time avera
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Problems for Chapter 3 69(a) the wa
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4Vibrating Strings4.1 IntroductionI
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4.4 General Solution of the Wave Eq
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4.6 Simple Harmonic Solutions of th
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4.7 Standing Waves 77Figure 4.3. Di
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4.8 The Effect of Initial Condition
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4.10 Forced Vibrations in an Infini
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4.11 Strings of Finite Lengths: For
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References 854.12 Real Strings: Fre
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Problems for Chapter 4 878. A devic
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90 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.1. A b
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92 5. Vibrating BarsSettingc 2 = E/
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94 5. Vibrating BarsThe allowable f
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96 5. Vibrating Barsthe acceleratio
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98 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.5. Loc
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100 5. Vibrating Barsmore difficult
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102 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.7. An
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104 5. Vibrating Barsthe light beam
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106 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.8. Tr
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108 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.10. T
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110 5. Vibrating Barsof 0.005 m dia
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112 6. Membrane and PlatesFigure 6.
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114 6. Membrane and PlatesBecause t
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116 6. Membrane and PlatesThe left-
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118 6. Membrane and PlatesTable 6.1
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120 6. Membrane and PlatesIn real a
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122 6. Membrane and PlatesTable 6.2
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124 6. Membrane and PlatesAt low fr
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126 6. Membrane and PlatesThe elast
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128 6. Membrane and PlatesFor the f
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130 6. Membrane and Plates(b) Deter
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132 7. Pipes, Waveguides, and Reson
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152 8. Acoustic Analogs, Ducts, and
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9Sound-Measuring Instrumentation9.1
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9.3 Microphones 175Figure 9.1. A cu
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SolutionEquation (9.3) is applied t
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9.5 Selection and Positioning of Mi
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9.6 Vector Sound Intensity Probes 1
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9.8 Proper Procedures for Using the
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9.8 Proper Procedures for Using the
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Page 203 and 204: 9.13 Fast Fourier Transform Analysi
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Page 207 and 208: 9.16 Measurement Error 199whereβ =
Page 209 and 210: 9.18 Measurement of Sound in a Free
Page 211 and 212: 9.20 Sound Power Measurement in a D
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Page 217 and 218: References 209acoustical output and
Page 219 and 220: Problems for Chapter 9 2112. Determ
Page 221 and 222: 214 10. Physiology of Hearing and P
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Page 249 and 250: 11Acoustics of Enclosed Spaces:Arch
Page 251 and 252: 11.2 Sound Fields 245Figure 11.1. P
Page 253 and 254: 11.4 Sound Intensity Growth in a Li
Page 255 and 256: 11.5 Sound Absorption Coefficients
Page 257 and 258: 11.6 Growth of Sound with Absorbent
Page 259 and 260: 11.7 Decay of Sound 253Following Sa
Page 261 and 262: 11.8 Decay of Sound in Dead Rooms 2
Page 263 and 264: 11.9 Reverberation as Affected by S
Page 265 and 266: 11.13 Sound Levels due to Direct an
Page 267 and 268: 11.15 Concert Halls and Opera House
Page 269 and 270: Figure 11.9. A view of the Boston S
Page 277 and 278: 11.16 Band Shells and Outdoor Audit
Page 279 and 280: 11.16 Band Shells and Outdoor Audit
Page 281 and 282: 11.17 Subjective Preferences in Sou
Page 283 and 284: References 277preferred subsequent
Page 285 and 286: Problems for Chapter 11 279Siebein,
Page 287 and 288: 12Walls, Enclosures, and Barriers12
Page 289 and 290: 12.3 Mass Control Case 283Figure 12
Page 291 and 292: 12.5 Effect of Frequencies on Sound
Page 293 and 294: 12.6 Coincidence Effect and Critica
Page 295 and 296: 12.7 The Double-Panel Partition 289
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an ideal gas) varies in the followi
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12.8 Measuring Transmission Loss 29
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12.10 Combined Sound Transmission C
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12.11 Noise Insulation Ratings 297F
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12.11 Noise Insulation Ratings 299s
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12.12 Noise Reduction of a Wall 301
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12.12 Noise Reduction of a Wall 303
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12.14 Enclosures 305to the extent t
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12.14 Enclosures 307and similarly f
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12.15 Small Enclosures 309walls. Ac
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12.16 Acoustic Barriers 311Figure 1
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12.16 Acoustic Barriers 313In the c
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Equation (12.67) becomes(11D = λ+
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Problems for Chapter 12 3173. A 0.7
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13Criteria and Regulations forNoise
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13.3 The Occupational Safety and He
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13.4 Perception of Noise 323inspect
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13.6 Indoor Noise Criteria 325accou
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13.6 Indoor Noise Criteria 327Room
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13.7 Equivalent Sound Level, Day-Ni
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13.7 Equivalent Sound Level, Day-Ni
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Composite Noise Rating13.9 Rating o
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13.10 Evaluation of Traffic Noise 3
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Highway Construction Noise13.10 Eva
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13.11 Evaluation of Community Noise
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13.12 Guidelines and Regulations in
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References 353Computer Program, HIC
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Problems for Chapter 13 355Problems
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14Machinery Noise Control14.1 Intro
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14.4 Fan or Blower Noise 359Table 1
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14.4 Fan or Blower Noise 361Figure
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14.6 Pumps and Plumbing Systems 367
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14.6 Pumps and Plumbing Systems 369
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14.8 Gears 371fromwheref BRC = N r
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14.8 Gears 373Figure 14.7. Gear noi
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14.8 Gears 375Figure 14.8. Gear tra
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14.8 Gears 377The subscripts 1 and
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14.10 Ball and Roller Bearings 379l
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14.10 Ball and Roller Bearings 381c
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14.11 Other Mechanical Drive Elemen
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Belt Drivesf CL = n 1N 1 2400 × 12
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14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 387said to be c
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14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 389power discha
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Solution14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 391Usin
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 393Solu
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 395Figu
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 397Figu
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14.14 Mufflers and Silencers 399Fig
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(1 + m)A I 1=A 314.14 Mufflers and
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14.14 Mufflers and Silencers 403Let
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References 405Figure 14.21 illustra
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Problems for Chapter 14 407the nois
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15Underwater Acoustics15.1 Sound Pr
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15.3 Speed of Sound in Seawater 411
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15.4 Velocity Profiles in the Sea 4
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15.4 Velocity Profiles in the Sea 4
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15.5 Underwater Transmission Loss 4
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15.6 Parametric Variation of Absorp
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15.8 Underwater Refraction 421Figur
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15.9 Mixed Layer 423When G is const
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15.11 Sonar Transducers and Their P
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Example Problem 115.12 The Sonar Eq
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Active and Passive Equations15.12 T
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15.13 Noise, Echo, and Reverberatio
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15.13 Noise, Echo, and Reverberatio
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15.14 Transient Form of Sonar Equat
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Example Problem 315.16 Shortcomings
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15.17 Theoretical Target Strength o
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Problems for Chapter 15 441Wilson,
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444 16. Ultrasonicscatching small i
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446 16. UltrasonicsPlanck constant
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448 16. UltrasonicsEquation (16.5)
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450 16. UltrasonicsFigure 16.1. Sou
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452 16. Ultrasonicsthe positive hal
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454 16. Ultrasonicson each and ever
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456 16. Ultrasonicscomplete as a li
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458 16. Ultrasonicsinitial of their
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460 16. Ultrasonicsoptic axis, deno
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462 16. Ultrasonicstransducer, it h
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464 16. UltrasonicsTable 16.1. Valu
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466 16. Ultrasonicsthe mechanical r
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468 16. UltrasonicsThe Physics of M
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470 16. UltrasonicsFigure 16.7. The
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472 16. Ultrasonicscurvilinear arra
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474 16. Ultrasonics(a)amplitudeinpu
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476 16. Ultrasonicsslow to allow th
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478 16. Ultrasonics5. In the cases
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480 17. Commercial and Medical Ultr
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510 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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Figure 18.7. The frequencies of the
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Figure 18.20. The violin octet deve
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570 19. Sound ReproductionAlbert, a
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572 19. Sound ReproductionD. Magnet
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574 19. Sound Reproductionon, machi
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576 19. Sound ReproductionIt is fai
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578 19. Sound ReproductionINNER SUS
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580 19. Sound Reproductiontuned ape
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582 19. Sound Reproductionuse of MP
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584 19. Sound ReproductionDickason,
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586 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
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618 21. Nonlinear Acousticsby∇ 2
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620 21. Nonlinear Acousticsmay be i
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622 21. Nonlinear Acousticswhereδ
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624 21. Nonlinear AcousticsThe shoc
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626 21. Nonlinear AcousticsBut the
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Appendix APhysical Properties of Ma
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Appendix A. Physical Properties of
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Appendix BBessel FunctionsB.1 The B
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B.8 Tables of Bessel Functions, Zer
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Appendix CUsing Laplace Transforms
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C.3 Solving Differential Equations
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C.4 Equations with Multiple-Order R
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SolutionC.5 Equations with Complex
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C.5 Equations with Complex Roots 64
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SolutionC.5 Equations with Complex
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650 IndexAuditoriums, design of, 26
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652 IndexElectrostatic speakers, 58
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654 IndexKey notation, 518Kinetic e
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656 IndexPascal (unit), 48Percent i
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658 IndexSound intensity growth in
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660 IndexWater-hammer arresters, 37
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