THE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS OF ACOUSTICS - H. H. Arnold ...

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440 15. Underwater AcousticsReferencesBezdek, H. H. 1973. Pressure dependence of sound attenuation in the Pacific Ocean.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 53: 782.Browning, D., Fechner, M., and Mellon, R. 1981. Regional dependence of very lowfrequencysound attenuation in the deep sound channel. Naval Underwater SystemsCenter Technical Document 6561.Colladen, J.-D. and Sturm, J. C. F. 1827. Memoir on the compression of liquids. Ann.Chim. Phys. 36: 113–159, 225–257.Del Grosso, V. A. 1952. The velocity of sound in sea water at zero depth. U.S. NavalResearch Laboratory Report 4002.Del Grosso, V. A. 1974. New equations for the speed of sound in natural waters withcomparisons to other equations. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 56: 1084.Hennin, C., and J. Lewiner. 1978. Condenser electret hydrophones. Journal of the AcousticalSociety of America 63: 279.Hucaro, J.A. et al. 1977. Fiber-optic hydrophone. Journal of the Acoustical Society ofAmerica 62: 1302.Leonard, R. W., Combs, P. C., and Skidmore, I. R. 1949. Attenuation of sound in syntheticsea water. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 21: 63.Leroy, C.C. 1969. Development of simple equations for accurate and more realistic calculationof the speed of sound in sea water. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America46: 216.Liebermann, L. N. 1948. Origin of sound absorption in water and in sea water. Journal ofthe Acoustical Society of America 20: 868.Liebermann, L. N. 1949. Sound propagation in chemically active media. Physics Review76: 1520.Mackenzie, K. V. 1981. Nine-term equation for sound speed in the oceans. Journal of theAcoustical Society of America 70: 807.Medwin, Herman. 1975. Speed of sound in water for realistic parameters. Journal of theAcoustical Society of America 58: 1318National Defense Research Committee. 1946. Application of oceanography to subsurfacewarfare. Div. 6 Summary Tech. Rep., vol. 6A: Figures 17, 32.Schulkin, M., and Marsh, H. W. 1962a. Absorption of sound in sea water. Journal of theBritish IRE 25: 293.Schulkin, M., and Marsh, H. W. 1962b. Sound Absorption in sea water. Journal of theAcoustical Society of America 34: 864.U.S. Navy. 1975. An Interim Report on the Sound Velocity Distribution in the NorthAtlantic Ocean. U.S. Navy Oceangoing Office Technical Report 171.Urick, Robert J. 1962. Generalized form of the sonar equations. Journal of the AcousticalSociety of America 34: 547.Urick, Robert J. 1983. Principles of Underwater Sound, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.(A classic text in the field by one of the leading researchers.)Weissler, A., and Del Grosso, V. A. 1951. The velocity of sound in sea water. Journal ofthe Acoustical Society of America 23: 219.Wilson, W. A. 1960. Speed of sound in sea water as a function of temperature, pressure andsalinity. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 32: 219. Also see extensions andrevisions in Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (1960), 32: 1357 and (1962),34: 866.
Problems for Chapter 15 441Wilson, O. B., and Leonard, O.B. 1954. Measurements of sound absorption in aqueoussalt solutions by a resonator method. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 26:223.Wood, A. B. 1941. A Textbook of Sound. New York: Macmillan Company; p. 261.Yeager, E., Fisher, F. H., Miceli, J., and Bressel, R. 1973. Origin of the low-frequencysound absorption in sea water. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 53: 1705.Problems for Chapter 151. Determine the speed of sound in seawater at 20 m depth and at 20 ◦ C and 34 pptusing the Leroy formula.2. Using the same conditions as in Problem 1, find the speed of sound on thebasis of the Medwin formulation.3. Do Problem 1 using the MacKenzie empirical expression.4. Compare the velocities of sound in seawater at a depth of 5000 ft for thelatitude of 61 ◦ N and the latitude of 19 ◦ N. Convert the depth to meters andspeed of sound to km/s.5. If the sound intensity 1 m from a source is 10 W/m 2 in the sea, find thetransmission loss (TL) and the intensity 50 m from the source due strictlyto spherical spreading. What other factors usually affect the transmissionloss?6. If sound is transmitted in a tube of water, what would be the transmission loss?In real life, would there be transmission loss and why?7. Predict the value of the attenuation coefficient for seawater in which salinityS = 40 ppt, frequency of the signal is 50 kHz, and the temperatureis 18 ◦ C.8. Compare the spherical spreading over r = 100 yards with and withoutabsorption by computing the transmission loss under the conditions ofProblem 7.9. Given a change of seawater sound velocity of 20 m/s for a depth of 150 m,what is the gradient and what would be the radius of curvature in terms of c 0 ?10. If an element of an array has a signal to noise ratio of 40 dB, what would bethe array gain of 25 similar elements in such an array?11. A transducer is rated at a receiving response of –95 dB re 1 V. If an acousticpressure of 3 μPa is applied, what will be the resulting voltage at the terminals?12. A projector is driven with a 1.8 rms ampere current. Its response is rated at120 dB re 1 μPa/A. Find the response in dB.
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THE SCIENCE ANDAPPLICATIONS OFACOUS
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xPrefaceReferencesBacon, Sir Franci
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xiiContents16. Ultrasonics 44317. C
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2 1. A Capsule History of Acoustics
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1. A Capsule History of Acoustics 5
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12 1. A Capsule History of Acoustic
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14 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsFigu
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16 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics2.2
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18 2. Fundamentals of Acousticsof t
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20 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsQ z+
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22 2. Fundamentals of Acousticsin t
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24 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsWe c
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26 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics(2)
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28 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsEqua
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30 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics11.
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32 3. Sound Wave Propagation and Ch
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3.14 Performance Indices for Enviro
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3.14 Performance Indices for Enviro
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or in terms of complex exponential
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3.17 Sound Intensity 61Here the sur
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3.18 The Monopole Source 63The thre
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3.21 Energy Density 653.20 The Hemi
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References 67medium. The time avera
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Problems for Chapter 3 69(a) the wa
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4Vibrating Strings4.1 IntroductionI
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4.4 General Solution of the Wave Eq
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4.6 Simple Harmonic Solutions of th
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4.7 Standing Waves 77Figure 4.3. Di
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4.8 The Effect of Initial Condition
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4.10 Forced Vibrations in an Infini
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4.11 Strings of Finite Lengths: For
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References 854.12 Real Strings: Fre
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Problems for Chapter 4 878. A devic
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90 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.1. A b
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92 5. Vibrating BarsSettingc 2 = E/
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94 5. Vibrating BarsThe allowable f
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96 5. Vibrating Barsthe acceleratio
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98 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.5. Loc
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100 5. Vibrating Barsmore difficult
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102 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.7. An
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104 5. Vibrating Barsthe light beam
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106 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.8. Tr
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108 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.10. T
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110 5. Vibrating Barsof 0.005 m dia
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112 6. Membrane and PlatesFigure 6.
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114 6. Membrane and PlatesBecause t
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116 6. Membrane and PlatesThe left-
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118 6. Membrane and PlatesTable 6.1
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120 6. Membrane and PlatesIn real a
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122 6. Membrane and PlatesTable 6.2
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124 6. Membrane and PlatesAt low fr
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126 6. Membrane and PlatesThe elast
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128 6. Membrane and PlatesFor the f
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130 6. Membrane and Plates(b) Deter
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132 7. Pipes, Waveguides, and Reson
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152 8. Acoustic Analogs, Ducts, and
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9Sound-Measuring Instrumentation9.1
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9.3 Microphones 175Figure 9.1. A cu
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SolutionEquation (9.3) is applied t
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9.5 Selection and Positioning of Mi
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9.6 Vector Sound Intensity Probes 1
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9.8 Proper Procedures for Using the
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9.8 Proper Procedures for Using the
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Example Problem 39.10 Dosimeters 18
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9.11 Noise Measurement in Selected
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9.11 Noise Measurement in Selected
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9.12 Real Time Analysis 193analyzer
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9.13 Fast Fourier Transform Analysi
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9.14 Data Windows and Selection of
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9.16 Measurement Error 199whereβ =
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9.18 Measurement of Sound in a Free
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9.20 Sound Power Measurement in a D
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9.20 Sound Power Measurement in a D
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9.23 The Addition Method for Measur
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References 209acoustical output and
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Problems for Chapter 9 2112. Determ
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214 10. Physiology of Hearing and P
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11Acoustics of Enclosed Spaces:Arch
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11.2 Sound Fields 245Figure 11.1. P
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11.4 Sound Intensity Growth in a Li
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11.5 Sound Absorption Coefficients
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11.6 Growth of Sound with Absorbent
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11.7 Decay of Sound 253Following Sa
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11.8 Decay of Sound in Dead Rooms 2
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11.9 Reverberation as Affected by S
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11.13 Sound Levels due to Direct an
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11.15 Concert Halls and Opera House
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Figure 11.9. A view of the Boston S
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11.16 Band Shells and Outdoor Audit
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11.16 Band Shells and Outdoor Audit
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11.17 Subjective Preferences in Sou
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References 277preferred subsequent
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Problems for Chapter 11 279Siebein,
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12Walls, Enclosures, and Barriers12
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12.3 Mass Control Case 283Figure 12
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12.5 Effect of Frequencies on Sound
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12.6 Coincidence Effect and Critica
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12.7 The Double-Panel Partition 289
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an ideal gas) varies in the followi
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12.8 Measuring Transmission Loss 29
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12.10 Combined Sound Transmission C
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12.11 Noise Insulation Ratings 297F
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12.11 Noise Insulation Ratings 299s
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12.12 Noise Reduction of a Wall 301
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12.12 Noise Reduction of a Wall 303
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12.14 Enclosures 305to the extent t
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12.14 Enclosures 307and similarly f
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12.15 Small Enclosures 309walls. Ac
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12.16 Acoustic Barriers 311Figure 1
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12.16 Acoustic Barriers 313In the c
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Equation (12.67) becomes(11D = λ+
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Problems for Chapter 12 3173. A 0.7
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13Criteria and Regulations forNoise
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13.3 The Occupational Safety and He
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13.4 Perception of Noise 323inspect
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13.6 Indoor Noise Criteria 325accou
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13.6 Indoor Noise Criteria 327Room
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13.7 Equivalent Sound Level, Day-Ni
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13.7 Equivalent Sound Level, Day-Ni
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Composite Noise Rating13.9 Rating o
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13.10 Evaluation of Traffic Noise 3
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Highway Construction Noise13.10 Eva
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13.11 Evaluation of Community Noise
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13.12 Guidelines and Regulations in
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References 353Computer Program, HIC
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Problems for Chapter 13 355Problems
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14Machinery Noise Control14.1 Intro
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14.4 Fan or Blower Noise 359Table 1
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14.4 Fan or Blower Noise 361Figure
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14.6 Pumps and Plumbing Systems 367
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14.6 Pumps and Plumbing Systems 369
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14.8 Gears 371fromwheref BRC = N r
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14.8 Gears 373Figure 14.7. Gear noi
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14.8 Gears 375Figure 14.8. Gear tra
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14.8 Gears 377The subscripts 1 and
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14.10 Ball and Roller Bearings 379l
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14.10 Ball and Roller Bearings 381c
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14.11 Other Mechanical Drive Elemen
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Belt Drivesf CL = n 1N 1 2400 × 12
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14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 387said to be c
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Page 411 and 412: References 405Figure 14.21 illustra
Page 413 and 414: Problems for Chapter 14 407the nois
Page 415 and 416: 15Underwater Acoustics15.1 Sound Pr
Page 417 and 418: 15.3 Speed of Sound in Seawater 411
Page 419 and 420: 15.4 Velocity Profiles in the Sea 4
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Page 431 and 432: 15.11 Sonar Transducers and Their P
Page 433 and 434: Example Problem 115.12 The Sonar Eq
Page 435 and 436: Active and Passive Equations15.12 T
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Page 441 and 442: 15.14 Transient Form of Sonar Equat
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Page 449 and 450: 444 16. Ultrasonicscatching small i
Page 451 and 452: 446 16. UltrasonicsPlanck constant
Page 453 and 454: 448 16. UltrasonicsEquation (16.5)
Page 455 and 456: 450 16. UltrasonicsFigure 16.1. Sou
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Page 465 and 466: 460 16. Ultrasonicsoptic axis, deno
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Page 469 and 470: 464 16. UltrasonicsTable 16.1. Valu
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Page 473 and 474: 468 16. UltrasonicsThe Physics of M
Page 475 and 476: 470 16. UltrasonicsFigure 16.7. The
Page 477 and 478: 472 16. Ultrasonicscurvilinear arra
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492 17. Commercial and Medical Ultr
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510 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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Figure 18.7. The frequencies of the
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Figure 18.20. The violin octet deve
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570 19. Sound ReproductionAlbert, a
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572 19. Sound ReproductionD. Magnet
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574 19. Sound Reproductionon, machi
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576 19. Sound ReproductionIt is fai
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578 19. Sound ReproductionINNER SUS
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580 19. Sound Reproductiontuned ape
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582 19. Sound Reproductionuse of MP
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584 19. Sound ReproductionDickason,
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586 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
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618 21. Nonlinear Acousticsby∇ 2
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620 21. Nonlinear Acousticsmay be i
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622 21. Nonlinear Acousticswhereδ
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624 21. Nonlinear AcousticsThe shoc
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626 21. Nonlinear AcousticsBut the
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Appendix APhysical Properties of Ma
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Appendix A. Physical Properties of
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Appendix BBessel FunctionsB.1 The B
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B.8 Tables of Bessel Functions, Zer
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Appendix CUsing Laplace Transforms
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C.3 Solving Differential Equations
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C.4 Equations with Multiple-Order R
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SolutionC.5 Equations with Complex
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C.5 Equations with Complex Roots 64
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SolutionC.5 Equations with Complex
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650 IndexAuditoriums, design of, 26
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652 IndexElectrostatic speakers, 58
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654 IndexKey notation, 518Kinetic e
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656 IndexPascal (unit), 48Percent i
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658 IndexSound intensity growth in
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660 IndexWater-hammer arresters, 37
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