THE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS OF ACOUSTICS - H. H. Arnold ...

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298 12. Walls, Enclosures, and BarriersFigure 12.12. STC overlay on a TL versus frequency plot.Shell Isolation Rating (SIR)The SIR method stems from intensive studies conducted by investigators at theNational Institute of Standards and Technology in the effort to develop a simplesystem to predict the attenuation of A-weighted transportation noise by buildingTable 12.1. Sound Transmission Class (STC) Ratings of Common ConstructionMaterialsDescriptionSTC4-in.- (100-mm) thick brick wall with airtight joints 404-in.- (100-mm) thick brick wall with gypsum board on one side 45–508-in.- (200-mm) thick brick wall with gypsum board on one side 50–604-in.- (100-mm) thick hollow concrete block with airtight joints 36–414-in.- (100-mm) thick hollow concrete block with gypsum board on one side 42–488-in.- (200-mm) thick hollow concrete block with airtight joints 46–508-in.- (200-mm) thick hollow concrete block with gypsum board on both sides 50–552 × 4-in.- (nominal) wood or metal stud wall with gypsum board on 33–43both sides, spackled at joints, floor, and ceiling 20–30Single-glazed window 26–44Double-glazed window 20–27Hollow core wood or steel door 38–55Specially mounted acoustical door 70Double-walled soundproof room, 12-in.- (300-mm) thick walls including airspace 21–29Quilted fiberglass mounted on vinyl or lead (limp mass) barrier septrum
12.11 Noise Insulation Ratings 299shells. This method is based on statistical studies, and +3 dB per octave was chosenas the standard SIR contour. The STC contour method is generally preferred fordescribing the noise attenuation effectiveness of building structures in the presenceof non-transportation sounds, viz. speech, television, and radio. The SIR systemis favored for the evaluation of noise reduction provided by building shells againsttransportation noise.An element SIR (or member SIR) is an estimate of the difference in the A-weighted sound levels when a structural element or member is placed between thetransportation noise source and the receiver. It is assumed that all noise transmissionoccurs through the subject element. A room SIR (or composite SIR) refers to theestimate of the A-weighted sound level difference caused by the presence of allmembers that act as noise transmission paths between the source and the receiver.An estimate of the member SIR may be obtained from a set of transmission lossmeasurements in one-third octave or octave bands in the following manner:1. The transmission loss is plotted against frequency.2. The +3 db per octave SIR reference contour is plotted on an overlay sheet,which is then superimposed on the TL versus f plot in the highest position sothat the sum of the deficiencies is less than twice the number of test frequencies.A deficiency is defined as the number of decibels by which the SIR referencevalue exceeds the measured TL of the member.3. The value of TL at 500 Hz on the SIR reference curve constitutes the value ofthe SIR of the member.The statistical quality of SIR prediction is improved by using a larger numberof TL laboratory measurements, and the one-third octave band measurements willgenerally yield more reliable results than those based on octave bands. Manufacturers’catalogues frequently report the one-third octave TL measurements usedto evaluate STC. An example of an SIR determination is given in Figure 12.13for the TL plot of Figure 12.12. Much of the tedium of SIR contour fitting can beeased through the use of computer plotting.The field incidence mass law, expressed by Equation (12.13), can be utilized toextrapolate data. If the transmission loss is known for all applicable frequenciesfor a structural element 1, and it is desired to find the TL of a similar element witha different surface mass, then( )m2TL 2 = TL 1 + 20 log .m 1If the relationship holds in the applicable frequency range, the values of SIR aresimilarly related.Example Problem 6A shell constructed of 5-in. thick concrete with 55 lb/ft 2 surface mass carries arating of SIR 43. Estimate the SIR rating for an 8-in. thick concrete with a surfacemass of 92 lb/ft 2.
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THE SCIENCE ANDAPPLICATIONS OFACOUS
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xPrefaceReferencesBacon, Sir Franci
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xiiContents16. Ultrasonics 44317. C
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2 1. A Capsule History of Acoustics
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1. A Capsule History of Acoustics 5
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12 1. A Capsule History of Acoustic
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14 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsFigu
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16 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics2.2
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18 2. Fundamentals of Acousticsof t
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20 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsQ z+
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22 2. Fundamentals of Acousticsin t
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24 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsWe c
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26 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics(2)
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28 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsEqua
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30 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics11.
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32 3. Sound Wave Propagation and Ch
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3.14 Performance Indices for Enviro
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3.14 Performance Indices for Enviro
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or in terms of complex exponential
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3.17 Sound Intensity 61Here the sur
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3.18 The Monopole Source 63The thre
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3.21 Energy Density 653.20 The Hemi
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References 67medium. The time avera
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Problems for Chapter 3 69(a) the wa
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4Vibrating Strings4.1 IntroductionI
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4.4 General Solution of the Wave Eq
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4.6 Simple Harmonic Solutions of th
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4.7 Standing Waves 77Figure 4.3. Di
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4.8 The Effect of Initial Condition
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4.10 Forced Vibrations in an Infini
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4.11 Strings of Finite Lengths: For
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References 854.12 Real Strings: Fre
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Problems for Chapter 4 878. A devic
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90 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.1. A b
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92 5. Vibrating BarsSettingc 2 = E/
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94 5. Vibrating BarsThe allowable f
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96 5. Vibrating Barsthe acceleratio
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98 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.5. Loc
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100 5. Vibrating Barsmore difficult
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102 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.7. An
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104 5. Vibrating Barsthe light beam
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106 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.8. Tr
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108 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.10. T
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110 5. Vibrating Barsof 0.005 m dia
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112 6. Membrane and PlatesFigure 6.
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114 6. Membrane and PlatesBecause t
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116 6. Membrane and PlatesThe left-
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118 6. Membrane and PlatesTable 6.1
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120 6. Membrane and PlatesIn real a
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122 6. Membrane and PlatesTable 6.2
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124 6. Membrane and PlatesAt low fr
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126 6. Membrane and PlatesThe elast
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128 6. Membrane and PlatesFor the f
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130 6. Membrane and Plates(b) Deter
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132 7. Pipes, Waveguides, and Reson
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152 8. Acoustic Analogs, Ducts, and
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9Sound-Measuring Instrumentation9.1
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9.3 Microphones 175Figure 9.1. A cu
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SolutionEquation (9.3) is applied t
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9.5 Selection and Positioning of Mi
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9.6 Vector Sound Intensity Probes 1
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9.8 Proper Procedures for Using the
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9.8 Proper Procedures for Using the
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Example Problem 39.10 Dosimeters 18
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9.11 Noise Measurement in Selected
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9.11 Noise Measurement in Selected
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9.12 Real Time Analysis 193analyzer
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9.13 Fast Fourier Transform Analysi
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9.14 Data Windows and Selection of
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9.16 Measurement Error 199whereβ =
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9.18 Measurement of Sound in a Free
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9.20 Sound Power Measurement in a D
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9.20 Sound Power Measurement in a D
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9.23 The Addition Method for Measur
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References 209acoustical output and
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Problems for Chapter 9 2112. Determ
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214 10. Physiology of Hearing and P
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11Acoustics of Enclosed Spaces:Arch
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11.2 Sound Fields 245Figure 11.1. P
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Page 259 and 260: 11.7 Decay of Sound 253Following Sa
Page 261 and 262: 11.8 Decay of Sound in Dead Rooms 2
Page 263 and 264: 11.9 Reverberation as Affected by S
Page 265 and 266: 11.13 Sound Levels due to Direct an
Page 267 and 268: 11.15 Concert Halls and Opera House
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Page 283 and 284: References 277preferred subsequent
Page 285 and 286: Problems for Chapter 11 279Siebein,
Page 287 and 288: 12Walls, Enclosures, and Barriers12
Page 289 and 290: 12.3 Mass Control Case 283Figure 12
Page 291 and 292: 12.5 Effect of Frequencies on Sound
Page 293 and 294: 12.6 Coincidence Effect and Critica
Page 295 and 296: 12.7 The Double-Panel Partition 289
Page 297 and 298: an ideal gas) varies in the followi
Page 299 and 300: 12.8 Measuring Transmission Loss 29
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Page 315 and 316: 12.15 Small Enclosures 309walls. Ac
Page 317 and 318: 12.16 Acoustic Barriers 311Figure 1
Page 319 and 320: 12.16 Acoustic Barriers 313In the c
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Page 323 and 324: Problems for Chapter 12 3173. A 0.7
Page 325 and 326: 13Criteria and Regulations forNoise
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Page 329 and 330: 13.4 Perception of Noise 323inspect
Page 331 and 332: 13.6 Indoor Noise Criteria 325accou
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Page 339 and 340: Composite Noise Rating13.9 Rating o
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Page 345 and 346: Highway Construction Noise13.10 Eva
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13.12 Guidelines and Regulations in
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13.12 Guidelines and Regulations in
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References 353Computer Program, HIC
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Problems for Chapter 13 355Problems
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14Machinery Noise Control14.1 Intro
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14.4 Fan or Blower Noise 359Table 1
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14.4 Fan or Blower Noise 361Figure
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14.6 Pumps and Plumbing Systems 367
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14.6 Pumps and Plumbing Systems 369
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14.8 Gears 371fromwheref BRC = N r
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14.8 Gears 373Figure 14.7. Gear noi
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14.8 Gears 375Figure 14.8. Gear tra
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14.8 Gears 377The subscripts 1 and
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14.10 Ball and Roller Bearings 379l
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14.10 Ball and Roller Bearings 381c
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14.11 Other Mechanical Drive Elemen
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Belt Drivesf CL = n 1N 1 2400 × 12
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14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 387said to be c
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14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 389power discha
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Solution14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 391Usin
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 393Solu
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 395Figu
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 397Figu
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14.14 Mufflers and Silencers 399Fig
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(1 + m)A I 1=A 314.14 Mufflers and
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14.14 Mufflers and Silencers 403Let
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References 405Figure 14.21 illustra
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Problems for Chapter 14 407the nois
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15Underwater Acoustics15.1 Sound Pr
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15.3 Speed of Sound in Seawater 411
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15.4 Velocity Profiles in the Sea 4
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15.4 Velocity Profiles in the Sea 4
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15.5 Underwater Transmission Loss 4
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15.6 Parametric Variation of Absorp
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15.8 Underwater Refraction 421Figur
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15.9 Mixed Layer 423When G is const
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15.11 Sonar Transducers and Their P
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Example Problem 115.12 The Sonar Eq
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Active and Passive Equations15.12 T
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15.13 Noise, Echo, and Reverberatio
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15.13 Noise, Echo, and Reverberatio
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15.14 Transient Form of Sonar Equat
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Example Problem 315.16 Shortcomings
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15.17 Theoretical Target Strength o
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Problems for Chapter 15 441Wilson,
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444 16. Ultrasonicscatching small i
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446 16. UltrasonicsPlanck constant
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448 16. UltrasonicsEquation (16.5)
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450 16. UltrasonicsFigure 16.1. Sou
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452 16. Ultrasonicsthe positive hal
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454 16. Ultrasonicson each and ever
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456 16. Ultrasonicscomplete as a li
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458 16. Ultrasonicsinitial of their
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460 16. Ultrasonicsoptic axis, deno
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462 16. Ultrasonicstransducer, it h
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464 16. UltrasonicsTable 16.1. Valu
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466 16. Ultrasonicsthe mechanical r
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468 16. UltrasonicsThe Physics of M
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470 16. UltrasonicsFigure 16.7. The
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472 16. Ultrasonicscurvilinear arra
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474 16. Ultrasonics(a)amplitudeinpu
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476 16. Ultrasonicsslow to allow th
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478 16. Ultrasonics5. In the cases
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480 17. Commercial and Medical Ultr
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510 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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Figure 18.7. The frequencies of the
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Figure 18.20. The violin octet deve
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570 19. Sound ReproductionAlbert, a
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572 19. Sound ReproductionD. Magnet
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574 19. Sound Reproductionon, machi
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576 19. Sound ReproductionIt is fai
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578 19. Sound ReproductionINNER SUS
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580 19. Sound Reproductiontuned ape
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582 19. Sound Reproductionuse of MP
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584 19. Sound ReproductionDickason,
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586 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
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618 21. Nonlinear Acousticsby∇ 2
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620 21. Nonlinear Acousticsmay be i
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622 21. Nonlinear Acousticswhereδ
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624 21. Nonlinear AcousticsThe shoc
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626 21. Nonlinear AcousticsBut the
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Appendix APhysical Properties of Ma
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Appendix A. Physical Properties of
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Appendix BBessel FunctionsB.1 The B
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B.8 Tables of Bessel Functions, Zer
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Appendix CUsing Laplace Transforms
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C.3 Solving Differential Equations
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C.4 Equations with Multiple-Order R
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SolutionC.5 Equations with Complex
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C.5 Equations with Complex Roots 64
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SolutionC.5 Equations with Complex
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650 IndexAuditoriums, design of, 26
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652 IndexElectrostatic speakers, 58
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654 IndexKey notation, 518Kinetic e
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656 IndexPascal (unit), 48Percent i
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658 IndexSound intensity growth in
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660 IndexWater-hammer arresters, 37
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