THE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS OF ACOUSTICS - H. H. Arnold ...

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References 583has undergone MP3, AAC, or Apple Lossless compression programs. One versionweighs less than 160 g and it is available with a choice of 20 GB or 40 GB storage,resulting in a capability of storing as many as 10,000 songs. Even more compactversions with less storage and other models with more storage are emerging fromApple, and competitive units are being issued by other manufacturers. The iPod canalso be used to record meetings, enter voice memos, and its speed can be adjustedto accommodate audio books. Synchronization with a home computer for downoruploading data can be achieved via FireWire r○ or USB 2.0 cables. The iPod canalso be used as a portable hard drive, which would allow the user to carry computerfiles from one place to another. It can even used to store photographs, function asan organizer with contact listings, calendars, and to-do lists; and, with the use ofadapters, can be played through home and auto sound systems.19.6 The Future of Sound ReproductionThere is no question that nanotechnology, still in its infancy, will result in morecompact recording media, more powerful electronic processing units, and morerealistic audiovisual imaging. Digitization of acoustic information will be refinedto an even greater extent.Loudspeakers have been the weak link in the audiophile chain of playback ofrecorded sound. Amplifiers and preamplifiers have reached the point of diminishingreturns with respect to low distortions and noise. The principal deviation from theideal sound reproduction occurs in transducers, hence it is the loudspeaker that isthe component that needs the most improvement. It is apparent that new technologywill be needed to develop new types of transducers, most likely resulting from acollaboration of the best minds in the fields of acoustics, materials science, solidstate physics, electronic and mechanical sciences, and even nanotechnology. Notonly loudspeaker distortion would be reduced to theoretical minimum (Raichel,1979), but also the sound sourcing would be considerably more sharply focused toenhance the listener’s feeling of actually “being there” at the concert venue wherethe music was recorded.ReferencesBallou, Glenn (ed.). 2005. The Handbook For Sound Engineers, 3rd ed. New York: FocalPress. (A comprehensive work on sound engineering. Includes coverage of MIDI, cinemasound, consoles, and other topics.)Borwick, John (ed.). 2001. Loudspeaker and Headphone Handbook, 3rd ed. New York:Focal Press.Cooke, Raymond E. (ed.). 1980 (Vol. 1), 1984 (Vol. 2), 1992 (Vol. 3). Loudspeakers, Vols.1–3. New York: Audio Engineering Society. (A treasure trove of technical papers writtenduring 1980–1992 on the design, construction, and operation of loudspeakers.)Crowhurst, Norman, 1960. The Stereo High Fidelity Handbook. New York: Crown Publishers.(A succinct text by one of the top writers in the field of stereo reproduction.)
584 19. Sound ReproductionDickason, Vance. 2000. Loudspeaker Design Cookbook, 6th ed. Peterborough, NH: AudioAmateur Press. (An excellent text to learn about the design and construction ofloudspeakers.)Hacker, Scot. 2000. MP3: The Definitive Guide. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media,Chapter 2.Holman, Tomlinson. 1999. 5.1 Surround Sound—Up and Running. New York: Focal Press.(Written by the developer of the THX sound system.)Olson, Harry F. 1967. Music, Physics and Engineering, 2nd ed. New York: DoverPublications.Olson, Harry F. 1991 (reprint). Acoustical Engineering. New York: Professional AudioJournals.Raichel, Daniel R. 1979. Minimum harmonic distortion levels in ideal loudspeakers.Journal of Audio Engineering Society 27(8): 492–495. (Previously presentedNovember 7, 1977 at the 58th Convention of the Audio Engineering Society, NewYork, NY.)Risset, J. C. and Mathews, M. V. 1965. Journal of the Audio Engineering Society 13:200–206.Strong, W. J. and Plitnik, G. R.1983. Music, Speech and High Fidelity. Salt Lake City:Soundprint.Watkinson, John. 2004. The MPEG Handbook. New York: Focal Press. (Probably the mostdefinitive book on the popular MPEG technology.)Problems for Chapter 191. Why was the cassette tape overtaken by the compact disk in popularity?2. What are the principal advantages and disadvantages of data compression insound recordings?3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having, say, a two-way versusa three-way versus a four-way speaker system?4. What are the dangers of using high-powered audio amplifiers?5. What are the key factors in determining the quality of a playback system?6. Why would a reputable recording studio use higher speeds for taping ratherthan presumably more economical slower speeds?7. Design your “dream” audio system on the basis of your market research.Explain the reasons for your choice of specific components.8. Research loudspeaker systems in the market. What specifications would youlook for in making your selection?9. Why would an MP3 or an iPod system be objectionable to an audiophile foruse in an audio system?10. How is computer technology is being used in the recording stage and playbackstage?11. How does room acoustics affect playback of audio material? What are theincipient problems and how would you deal with them?
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THE SCIENCE ANDAPPLICATIONS OFACOUS
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xPrefaceReferencesBacon, Sir Franci
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xiiContents16. Ultrasonics 44317. C
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2 1. A Capsule History of Acoustics
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1. A Capsule History of Acoustics 5
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12 1. A Capsule History of Acoustic
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14 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsFigu
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16 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics2.2
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18 2. Fundamentals of Acousticsof t
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20 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsQ z+
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22 2. Fundamentals of Acousticsin t
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24 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsWe c
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26 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics(2)
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28 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsEqua
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30 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics11.
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32 3. Sound Wave Propagation and Ch
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3.14 Performance Indices for Enviro
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3.14 Performance Indices for Enviro
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or in terms of complex exponential
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3.17 Sound Intensity 61Here the sur
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3.18 The Monopole Source 63The thre
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3.21 Energy Density 653.20 The Hemi
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References 67medium. The time avera
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Problems for Chapter 3 69(a) the wa
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4Vibrating Strings4.1 IntroductionI
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4.4 General Solution of the Wave Eq
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4.6 Simple Harmonic Solutions of th
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4.7 Standing Waves 77Figure 4.3. Di
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4.8 The Effect of Initial Condition
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4.10 Forced Vibrations in an Infini
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4.11 Strings of Finite Lengths: For
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References 854.12 Real Strings: Fre
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Problems for Chapter 4 878. A devic
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90 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.1. A b
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92 5. Vibrating BarsSettingc 2 = E/
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94 5. Vibrating BarsThe allowable f
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96 5. Vibrating Barsthe acceleratio
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98 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.5. Loc
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100 5. Vibrating Barsmore difficult
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102 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.7. An
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104 5. Vibrating Barsthe light beam
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106 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.8. Tr
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108 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.10. T
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110 5. Vibrating Barsof 0.005 m dia
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112 6. Membrane and PlatesFigure 6.
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114 6. Membrane and PlatesBecause t
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116 6. Membrane and PlatesThe left-
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118 6. Membrane and PlatesTable 6.1
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120 6. Membrane and PlatesIn real a
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122 6. Membrane and PlatesTable 6.2
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124 6. Membrane and PlatesAt low fr
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126 6. Membrane and PlatesThe elast
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128 6. Membrane and PlatesFor the f
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130 6. Membrane and Plates(b) Deter
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132 7. Pipes, Waveguides, and Reson
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152 8. Acoustic Analogs, Ducts, and
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9Sound-Measuring Instrumentation9.1
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9.3 Microphones 175Figure 9.1. A cu
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SolutionEquation (9.3) is applied t
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9.5 Selection and Positioning of Mi
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9.6 Vector Sound Intensity Probes 1
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9.8 Proper Procedures for Using the
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9.8 Proper Procedures for Using the
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Example Problem 39.10 Dosimeters 18
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9.11 Noise Measurement in Selected
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9.11 Noise Measurement in Selected
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9.12 Real Time Analysis 193analyzer
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9.13 Fast Fourier Transform Analysi
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9.14 Data Windows and Selection of
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9.16 Measurement Error 199whereβ =
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9.18 Measurement of Sound in a Free
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9.20 Sound Power Measurement in a D
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9.20 Sound Power Measurement in a D
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9.23 The Addition Method for Measur
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References 209acoustical output and
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Problems for Chapter 9 2112. Determ
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214 10. Physiology of Hearing and P
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11Acoustics of Enclosed Spaces:Arch
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11.2 Sound Fields 245Figure 11.1. P
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11.4 Sound Intensity Growth in a Li
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11.5 Sound Absorption Coefficients
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11.6 Growth of Sound with Absorbent
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11.7 Decay of Sound 253Following Sa
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11.8 Decay of Sound in Dead Rooms 2
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11.9 Reverberation as Affected by S
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11.13 Sound Levels due to Direct an
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11.15 Concert Halls and Opera House
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Figure 11.9. A view of the Boston S
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11.16 Band Shells and Outdoor Audit
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11.16 Band Shells and Outdoor Audit
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11.17 Subjective Preferences in Sou
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References 277preferred subsequent
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Problems for Chapter 11 279Siebein,
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12Walls, Enclosures, and Barriers12
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12.3 Mass Control Case 283Figure 12
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12.5 Effect of Frequencies on Sound
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12.6 Coincidence Effect and Critica
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12.7 The Double-Panel Partition 289
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an ideal gas) varies in the followi
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12.8 Measuring Transmission Loss 29
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12.10 Combined Sound Transmission C
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12.11 Noise Insulation Ratings 297F
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12.11 Noise Insulation Ratings 299s
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12.12 Noise Reduction of a Wall 301
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12.12 Noise Reduction of a Wall 303
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12.14 Enclosures 305to the extent t
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12.14 Enclosures 307and similarly f
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12.15 Small Enclosures 309walls. Ac
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12.16 Acoustic Barriers 311Figure 1
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12.16 Acoustic Barriers 313In the c
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Equation (12.67) becomes(11D = λ+
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Problems for Chapter 12 3173. A 0.7
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13Criteria and Regulations forNoise
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13.3 The Occupational Safety and He
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13.4 Perception of Noise 323inspect
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13.6 Indoor Noise Criteria 325accou
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13.6 Indoor Noise Criteria 327Room
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13.7 Equivalent Sound Level, Day-Ni
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13.7 Equivalent Sound Level, Day-Ni
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Composite Noise Rating13.9 Rating o
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13.10 Evaluation of Traffic Noise 3
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Highway Construction Noise13.10 Eva
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13.11 Evaluation of Community Noise
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13.12 Guidelines and Regulations in
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References 353Computer Program, HIC
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Problems for Chapter 13 355Problems
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14Machinery Noise Control14.1 Intro
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14.4 Fan or Blower Noise 359Table 1
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14.4 Fan or Blower Noise 361Figure
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14.6 Pumps and Plumbing Systems 367
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14.6 Pumps and Plumbing Systems 369
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14.8 Gears 371fromwheref BRC = N r
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14.8 Gears 373Figure 14.7. Gear noi
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14.8 Gears 375Figure 14.8. Gear tra
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14.8 Gears 377The subscripts 1 and
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14.10 Ball and Roller Bearings 379l
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14.10 Ball and Roller Bearings 381c
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14.11 Other Mechanical Drive Elemen
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Belt Drivesf CL = n 1N 1 2400 × 12
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14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 387said to be c
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14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 389power discha
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Solution14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 391Usin
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 393Solu
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 395Figu
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 397Figu
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14.14 Mufflers and Silencers 399Fig
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(1 + m)A I 1=A 314.14 Mufflers and
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14.14 Mufflers and Silencers 403Let
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References 405Figure 14.21 illustra
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Problems for Chapter 14 407the nois
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15Underwater Acoustics15.1 Sound Pr
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15.3 Speed of Sound in Seawater 411
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15.4 Velocity Profiles in the Sea 4
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15.4 Velocity Profiles in the Sea 4
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15.5 Underwater Transmission Loss 4
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15.6 Parametric Variation of Absorp
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15.8 Underwater Refraction 421Figur
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15.9 Mixed Layer 423When G is const
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15.11 Sonar Transducers and Their P
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Example Problem 115.12 The Sonar Eq
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Active and Passive Equations15.12 T
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15.13 Noise, Echo, and Reverberatio
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15.13 Noise, Echo, and Reverberatio
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15.14 Transient Form of Sonar Equat
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Example Problem 315.16 Shortcomings
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15.17 Theoretical Target Strength o
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Problems for Chapter 15 441Wilson,
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444 16. Ultrasonicscatching small i
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446 16. UltrasonicsPlanck constant
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448 16. UltrasonicsEquation (16.5)
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450 16. UltrasonicsFigure 16.1. Sou
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452 16. Ultrasonicsthe positive hal
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454 16. Ultrasonicson each and ever
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456 16. Ultrasonicscomplete as a li
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458 16. Ultrasonicsinitial of their
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460 16. Ultrasonicsoptic axis, deno
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462 16. Ultrasonicstransducer, it h
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464 16. UltrasonicsTable 16.1. Valu
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466 16. Ultrasonicsthe mechanical r
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468 16. UltrasonicsThe Physics of M
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470 16. UltrasonicsFigure 16.7. The
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472 16. Ultrasonicscurvilinear arra
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474 16. Ultrasonics(a)amplitudeinpu
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476 16. Ultrasonicsslow to allow th
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478 16. Ultrasonics5. In the cases
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480 17. Commercial and Medical Ultr
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510 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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Figure 18.7. The frequencies of the
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Page 537 and 538: 532 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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Page 575 and 576: 570 19. Sound ReproductionAlbert, a
Page 577 and 578: 572 19. Sound ReproductionD. Magnet
Page 579 and 580: 574 19. Sound Reproductionon, machi
Page 581 and 582: 576 19. Sound ReproductionIt is fai
Page 583 and 584: 578 19. Sound ReproductionINNER SUS
Page 585 and 586: 580 19. Sound Reproductiontuned ape
Page 587: 582 19. Sound Reproductionuse of MP
Page 591 and 592: 586 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
Page 623 and 624: 618 21. Nonlinear Acousticsby∇ 2
Page 625 and 626: 620 21. Nonlinear Acousticsmay be i
Page 627 and 628: 622 21. Nonlinear Acousticswhereδ
Page 629 and 630: 624 21. Nonlinear AcousticsThe shoc
Page 631 and 632: 626 21. Nonlinear AcousticsBut the
Page 633 and 634: Appendix APhysical Properties of Ma
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Page 637 and 638: Appendix BBessel FunctionsB.1 The B
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B.8 Tables of Bessel Functions, Zer
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Appendix CUsing Laplace Transforms
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C.3 Solving Differential Equations
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C.4 Equations with Multiple-Order R
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SolutionC.5 Equations with Complex
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C.5 Equations with Complex Roots 64
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SolutionC.5 Equations with Complex
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650 IndexAuditoriums, design of, 26
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652 IndexElectrostatic speakers, 58
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654 IndexKey notation, 518Kinetic e
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656 IndexPascal (unit), 48Percent i
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658 IndexSound intensity growth in
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660 IndexWater-hammer arresters, 37
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