THE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS OF ACOUSTICS - H. H. Arnold ...

522 18. Music and Musical InstrumentsTable 18.2. Classification of Musical Instruments.String InstrumentsPlucked Strings Bowed Strings Struck StringsLyre Violin PianoLute Viola DulcimerHarpVioloncelloZitherDouble bassGuitarUkuleleMandolinBanjoSitarHarpsichordWind InstrumentsAir Reed Single-Mechanical Reed Double-Mechanical Reed Lip ReedWhistle Free-reed organ Oboe BugleFlue Organ Pipe Reed organ pipe English horn TrumpetRecorder Accordion Oboe d’amore CornetFlageolet Harmonica Bassoon French hornOcarina Clarinet Contra bassoon TromboneFlute Bass clarinet Sarrusophone Bass trombonePiccolo Saxophone (soprano, TubaFifealto, tenor, and bass)BagpipeOrgan (combination air reed and mechanical reed)Percussion InstrumentsDefinite PitchIndefinite PitchTuning fork Celesta Snare or side drum TriangleXylophone Kettledrums (tympani) Military drum Steel drumMarimba Bell Bass drum CymbalsChimes Carillon Gong TambourineGlockenspielCastenetsElectrical or Electronic InstrumentsSiren Electrical piano Electrical carillon Computer (specially configured)Automobile horn Electric guitar SynthesizerElectric organ Music box Metronome18.9 StringsPossibly the oldest method of creating music is vibrating string under tension,which is capable of producing a full range overtones of that are harmonics of thefundamental. As was explained in Chapter 4, the presence and the amplitudes ofthese harmonics depend upon the manner the string is excited (namely, by plucking,striking, or bowing) and where the excitation is applied. Because the string projectsa small area, it is not an efficient producer of sound as it is not by itself capable