THE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS OF ACOUSTICS - H. H. Arnold ...

652 IndexElectrostatic speakers, 580Electrostrictive effect, 461–462Electrostrictive materials, 425Elevation dimension, 470Empirical dosage response relationship, 345Emulsification and flow enhancement, 491Enclosed spaces, acoustics of, 243–271Enclosures, 305–309small, 309–310walls and barriers and, 281–316Energy, conservation of, 25Energy density, 65–67instantaneous, 66Energy flux density, 411of waves, 434Environmental noise, 319performance indices for, 55–57Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 320Equal energy hypothesis, 345Equal noisiness contours, 323Equivalent simple piston, 120Equivalent sound levels, 56–57, 329–330, 335Ergodic processes, 614Euler, Leonhard, 6, 521European Union (EU), 350–351Eustachian tube, 214–215Evanescent mode, 141Evoked otoacoustic emission, 219Excessive loudness, 261Exchange rate, 188nExcitationharmonic, 593–596by impulse, 597–598motion, 600–603Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, 503–504Eyring equation, 255Fan laws, 365–366Fan noise, 359–366characteristics of, 361–362Far field effect, 62Fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique,194–196Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 320Federal Highway Administration (FHWA),335–339Federal Interagency Committee on Noise(FICON), 346Fermat, Pierre de, 5Ferroelectrics, 461Field incidence mass law, 284–285Filter networks, 162–165Filter response, 189Filters, acoustic, 158–165Finite element analysis (FEA), 610–611Finite roadway segment adjustment, 342Finite strings, 83–84Fire sensing, ultrasonic, 487–488First harmonic, 76Fixed-fixed bar, 92, 93Flageolet, 539Flanking, 294Flared pipes, 135Flat notes, 512Flaw detection, ultrasonic methods for, 481–483Fletcher, Harvey, 8–9Flowmeter, ultrasonic, 486–487Fluid flow equations, 19–20Fluids, thermodynamic states of, 18–19Flute, 539–540Flutter echo, 261Fohi, 2Forced vibrations, 593–598in finite strings, 83–84in infinite strings, 81–83in membranes, 122–125in plates, 128Forward propagating plane waves, 31–33Forward scanning, 482Fourier series, 34Fourier’s theorem, 79Free-field microphones, 178Free fields, 244barriers in, 314–315Free-fixed bar, 95Free-free bar, 93–94, 105–108Freely vibrating circular membranes, 115–120French horn, 550, 551Frequency, 13–15angular, 13beat, 60Frequency modulation (FM), 208Frequency ranges of musical instruments, 565Frequency response, 173Frequency-weighting, 52–55Fresnel, Augustin Jean, 6Full anechoic chambers, 65, 202–203, 245Functional hearing loss, 221Fundamental mode, 76Gabor, Dennis, 496Galileo Galilei, 3Gas-jet noise, 385–398control of, 393–398Gaseous flows in pipes or ducts, 396–398Gassendi, Pierre, 3