THE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS OF ACOUSTICS - H. H. Arnold ...

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300 12. Walls, Enclosures, and BarriersFigure 12.13. SIR determination for TL versus f plot of Figure 12.12.Solution( )m8in.SIR 8in. = SIR 5in. + 20 logm 4in.( ) 92= 45 + 20 log = 49.5 dB55Table 12.2 gives the SIR values of a number of structural elements.12.12 Noise Reduction of a WallLet us consider two rooms that are acoustically separated by a partition of area S win Figure 12.14. L p1 and L p2 denote the spatially averaged values of the soundpressure levels in room 1 and room 2, respectively. We assume the noise sourcein room 1 produces a purely reverberant field near the partition. This occurs if thesound pressure level can be described by Equation (11.23):( ) 4L p1 = L w1 + 10 logR 1where 4/R 1 ≫ Q/(4πr 2 ), R 1 is the room constant of room 1, and r the distancefrom the source in room 1 to the position of measured L p1 . This assumption permitsus to simplify the analysis by assuming a constant sound pressure over the entirearea of the dividing wall.
12.12 Noise Reduction of a Wall 301Table 12.2. Shell Isolation Rating (SIR).Description Weight (lb/ft 2 ) SIR ratingDense poured concrete or solid block walls4 in. thick 50 416 in. thick 73 438 in. thick 95 4612 in. thick 145 4916 in. thick 190 51Hollow concrete block walls6 in. thick 21 418 in. thick 30 43Brick veneered frame walls — 48–53Stuccoed frame walls — 34–52Frame walls with wood siding — 33–40Metal walls, curtain walls — 25–39Shingled wood roof with attic 10 40Steel roofs — 36–51Fixed, single-glazed windows (the higher SIR — 22–39values apply to windows with special mountingsand laminated glass)Fixed double-glazed windows (the higher SIR — 22–48values apply to windows with large spacesbetween the glass and special mountings)Double-hung windowsSingle-glazed — 20–24Double-glazed — 20–29Casement windows, single-glazed — 19–29Horizontal sliding windows 16–24Glass doors 2.3–3 24Wood doors (the higher SIR values apply toweatherstripped doors)Hollow core 1.2–5 14–26Solid core 4–5 16–30Steel doors (the higher SIR values apply toacoustical doors) 4–23 21–50Figure 12.14. Two rooms separated by a dividing wall of area S w .
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THE SCIENCE ANDAPPLICATIONS OFACOUS
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xPrefaceReferencesBacon, Sir Franci
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xiiContents16. Ultrasonics 44317. C
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2 1. A Capsule History of Acoustics
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1. A Capsule History of Acoustics 5
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12 1. A Capsule History of Acoustic
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14 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsFigu
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16 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics2.2
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18 2. Fundamentals of Acousticsof t
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20 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsQ z+
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22 2. Fundamentals of Acousticsin t
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24 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsWe c
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26 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics(2)
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28 2. Fundamentals of AcousticsEqua
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30 2. Fundamentals of Acoustics11.
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32 3. Sound Wave Propagation and Ch
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3.14 Performance Indices for Enviro
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3.14 Performance Indices for Enviro
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or in terms of complex exponential
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3.17 Sound Intensity 61Here the sur
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3.18 The Monopole Source 63The thre
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3.21 Energy Density 653.20 The Hemi
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References 67medium. The time avera
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Problems for Chapter 3 69(a) the wa
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4Vibrating Strings4.1 IntroductionI
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4.4 General Solution of the Wave Eq
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4.6 Simple Harmonic Solutions of th
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4.7 Standing Waves 77Figure 4.3. Di
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4.8 The Effect of Initial Condition
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4.10 Forced Vibrations in an Infini
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4.11 Strings of Finite Lengths: For
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References 854.12 Real Strings: Fre
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Problems for Chapter 4 878. A devic
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90 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.1. A b
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92 5. Vibrating BarsSettingc 2 = E/
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94 5. Vibrating BarsThe allowable f
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96 5. Vibrating Barsthe acceleratio
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98 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.5. Loc
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100 5. Vibrating Barsmore difficult
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102 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.7. An
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104 5. Vibrating Barsthe light beam
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106 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.8. Tr
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108 5. Vibrating BarsFigure 5.10. T
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110 5. Vibrating Barsof 0.005 m dia
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112 6. Membrane and PlatesFigure 6.
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114 6. Membrane and PlatesBecause t
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116 6. Membrane and PlatesThe left-
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118 6. Membrane and PlatesTable 6.1
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120 6. Membrane and PlatesIn real a
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122 6. Membrane and PlatesTable 6.2
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124 6. Membrane and PlatesAt low fr
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126 6. Membrane and PlatesThe elast
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128 6. Membrane and PlatesFor the f
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130 6. Membrane and Plates(b) Deter
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132 7. Pipes, Waveguides, and Reson
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152 8. Acoustic Analogs, Ducts, and
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9Sound-Measuring Instrumentation9.1
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9.3 Microphones 175Figure 9.1. A cu
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SolutionEquation (9.3) is applied t
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9.5 Selection and Positioning of Mi
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9.6 Vector Sound Intensity Probes 1
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9.8 Proper Procedures for Using the
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9.8 Proper Procedures for Using the
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Example Problem 39.10 Dosimeters 18
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9.11 Noise Measurement in Selected
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9.11 Noise Measurement in Selected
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9.12 Real Time Analysis 193analyzer
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9.13 Fast Fourier Transform Analysi
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9.14 Data Windows and Selection of
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9.16 Measurement Error 199whereβ =
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9.18 Measurement of Sound in a Free
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9.20 Sound Power Measurement in a D
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9.20 Sound Power Measurement in a D
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9.23 The Addition Method for Measur
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References 209acoustical output and
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Problems for Chapter 9 2112. Determ
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214 10. Physiology of Hearing and P
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11Acoustics of Enclosed Spaces:Arch
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11.2 Sound Fields 245Figure 11.1. P
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11.4 Sound Intensity Growth in a Li
Page 255 and 256: 11.5 Sound Absorption Coefficients
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Page 259 and 260: 11.7 Decay of Sound 253Following Sa
Page 261 and 262: 11.8 Decay of Sound in Dead Rooms 2
Page 263 and 264: 11.9 Reverberation as Affected by S
Page 265 and 266: 11.13 Sound Levels due to Direct an
Page 267 and 268: 11.15 Concert Halls and Opera House
Page 269 and 270: Figure 11.9. A view of the Boston S
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Page 281 and 282: 11.17 Subjective Preferences in Sou
Page 283 and 284: References 277preferred subsequent
Page 285 and 286: Problems for Chapter 11 279Siebein,
Page 287 and 288: 12Walls, Enclosures, and Barriers12
Page 289 and 290: 12.3 Mass Control Case 283Figure 12
Page 291 and 292: 12.5 Effect of Frequencies on Sound
Page 293 and 294: 12.6 Coincidence Effect and Critica
Page 295 and 296: 12.7 The Double-Panel Partition 289
Page 297 and 298: an ideal gas) varies in the followi
Page 299 and 300: 12.8 Measuring Transmission Loss 29
Page 301 and 302: 12.10 Combined Sound Transmission C
Page 303 and 304: 12.11 Noise Insulation Ratings 297F
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Page 311 and 312: 12.14 Enclosures 305to the extent t
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Page 315 and 316: 12.15 Small Enclosures 309walls. Ac
Page 317 and 318: 12.16 Acoustic Barriers 311Figure 1
Page 319 and 320: 12.16 Acoustic Barriers 313In the c
Page 321 and 322: Equation (12.67) becomes(11D = λ+
Page 323 and 324: Problems for Chapter 12 3173. A 0.7
Page 325 and 326: 13Criteria and Regulations forNoise
Page 327 and 328: 13.3 The Occupational Safety and He
Page 329 and 330: 13.4 Perception of Noise 323inspect
Page 331 and 332: 13.6 Indoor Noise Criteria 325accou
Page 333 and 334: 13.6 Indoor Noise Criteria 327Room
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Page 339 and 340: Composite Noise Rating13.9 Rating o
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Page 345 and 346: Highway Construction Noise13.10 Eva
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13.12 Guidelines and Regulations in
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References 353Computer Program, HIC
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Problems for Chapter 13 355Problems
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14Machinery Noise Control14.1 Intro
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14.4 Fan or Blower Noise 359Table 1
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14.4 Fan or Blower Noise 361Figure
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14.6 Pumps and Plumbing Systems 367
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14.6 Pumps and Plumbing Systems 369
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14.8 Gears 371fromwheref BRC = N r
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14.8 Gears 373Figure 14.7. Gear noi
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14.8 Gears 375Figure 14.8. Gear tra
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14.8 Gears 377The subscripts 1 and
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14.10 Ball and Roller Bearings 379l
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14.10 Ball and Roller Bearings 381c
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14.11 Other Mechanical Drive Elemen
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Belt Drivesf CL = n 1N 1 2400 × 12
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14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 387said to be c
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14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 389power discha
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Solution14.12 Gas-Jet Noise 391Usin
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 393Solu
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 395Figu
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14.13 Gas Jet Noise Control 397Figu
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14.14 Mufflers and Silencers 399Fig
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(1 + m)A I 1=A 314.14 Mufflers and
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14.14 Mufflers and Silencers 403Let
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References 405Figure 14.21 illustra
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Problems for Chapter 14 407the nois
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15Underwater Acoustics15.1 Sound Pr
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15.3 Speed of Sound in Seawater 411
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15.4 Velocity Profiles in the Sea 4
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15.4 Velocity Profiles in the Sea 4
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15.5 Underwater Transmission Loss 4
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15.6 Parametric Variation of Absorp
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15.8 Underwater Refraction 421Figur
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15.9 Mixed Layer 423When G is const
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15.11 Sonar Transducers and Their P
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Example Problem 115.12 The Sonar Eq
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Active and Passive Equations15.12 T
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15.13 Noise, Echo, and Reverberatio
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15.13 Noise, Echo, and Reverberatio
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15.14 Transient Form of Sonar Equat
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Example Problem 315.16 Shortcomings
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15.17 Theoretical Target Strength o
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Problems for Chapter 15 441Wilson,
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444 16. Ultrasonicscatching small i
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446 16. UltrasonicsPlanck constant
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448 16. UltrasonicsEquation (16.5)
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450 16. UltrasonicsFigure 16.1. Sou
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452 16. Ultrasonicsthe positive hal
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454 16. Ultrasonicson each and ever
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456 16. Ultrasonicscomplete as a li
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458 16. Ultrasonicsinitial of their
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460 16. Ultrasonicsoptic axis, deno
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462 16. Ultrasonicstransducer, it h
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464 16. UltrasonicsTable 16.1. Valu
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466 16. Ultrasonicsthe mechanical r
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468 16. UltrasonicsThe Physics of M
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470 16. UltrasonicsFigure 16.7. The
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472 16. Ultrasonicscurvilinear arra
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474 16. Ultrasonics(a)amplitudeinpu
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476 16. Ultrasonicsslow to allow th
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478 16. Ultrasonics5. In the cases
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480 17. Commercial and Medical Ultr
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510 18. Music and Musical Instrumen
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Figure 18.7. The frequencies of the
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Figure 18.20. The violin octet deve
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570 19. Sound ReproductionAlbert, a
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572 19. Sound ReproductionD. Magnet
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574 19. Sound Reproductionon, machi
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576 19. Sound ReproductionIt is fai
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578 19. Sound ReproductionINNER SUS
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580 19. Sound Reproductiontuned ape
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582 19. Sound Reproductionuse of MP
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584 19. Sound ReproductionDickason,
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586 20. Vibration and Vibration Con
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618 21. Nonlinear Acousticsby∇ 2
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620 21. Nonlinear Acousticsmay be i
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622 21. Nonlinear Acousticswhereδ
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624 21. Nonlinear AcousticsThe shoc
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626 21. Nonlinear AcousticsBut the
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Appendix APhysical Properties of Ma
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Appendix A. Physical Properties of
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Appendix BBessel FunctionsB.1 The B
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B.8 Tables of Bessel Functions, Zer
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Appendix CUsing Laplace Transforms
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C.3 Solving Differential Equations
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C.4 Equations with Multiple-Order R
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SolutionC.5 Equations with Complex
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C.5 Equations with Complex Roots 64
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SolutionC.5 Equations with Complex
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650 IndexAuditoriums, design of, 26
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652 IndexElectrostatic speakers, 58
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654 IndexKey notation, 518Kinetic e
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656 IndexPascal (unit), 48Percent i
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658 IndexSound intensity growth in
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660 IndexWater-hammer arresters, 37
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